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command tells apachetopwhere to find theApache log file. (The Apache server distributedwith Fedora writes log files in an unusual location, so you have to tell apachetophow to find them.) configurechecks out your system, looking forthe compilers and libraries it needs to properlybuild a working program. 8.Compile the program with the followingcommand: # make9.Then copy the file into a useful place with thiscommand: # make installWith apachetopinstalled, you re ready to run theprogram and start putting it to use. See the fol- lowing sections for details. Running and exiting apachetopTo run apachetop, move to the /usr/local/sbindirectory and enter the following command: # ./apachetopapachetopopens, displaying a status window thatshows your server activity (see Figure 43-1). Figure 43-1:apachetopin action. When you re done using apachetop, just type qto quit, and apachetopreturns you to the command line. Watching Your Web ServerTraffic with apachetopapachetopis a real-time monitor for the Apache Webserver. It s an open-source project, readily availableon the Web. Installation is quick, and it s an easyprogram to use. With apachetop, you can see the host machine thatyour visitors are using, determine whether theycame by way of a search engine, and find out whatpages they visited while they were there. You can also use apachetopto see if your visi- tors are repeatedly asking for documents thatdon t exist. You may want to rename your Webpages if the same page name is mistyped overand over. Installing apachetopTo download and install apachetop, follow these steps: 1.Open a browser window and surf toclueful.shagged.org/apachetop2.Click the link to download the latest stablerelease. As of this writing, it sapachetop-0.11.tar.gz3.When the Download Manager opens, save thedownload to your home directory. 4.Open a terminal window and give yourselfsuperuser privileges with the sucommand. 5.Unpack the tarball with this command: # tar -zxvf apachetop-0.11.tar.gz6.Move to the apachetopdirectory: # cd apachetop-0.117.Configure the package with the followingcommand: # ./configure –with-logfile=/etc/ httpd/logs/access_log53_
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43Keeping an Eye on Your ServersWhen you expose a server to others, you need to be able to moni- tor the server traffic and statistics. With good monitoring tools, you can find the slowdowns and tailor the server s responses toyour users needs. apachetopis a handy, open-source monitoring tool designed specificallyto return information about an Apache Web server. It s similar in natureto top, running at the command line, and it displays statistics about yourserver and the users who are visiting it. apachetopis easy to install anduse, and although it doesn t go all out with bells and whistles, it returns agood amount of information. You can use apachetopto monitor not onlythe visitors to your server, but also your server speed as it serves up theresources in its repertoire. The MySQL database server is a great tool by itself, but it s even betterwith good monitoring and management tools. The MySQL Control Center(MySQLCC) is a graphical tool that lets you monitor, test, and repair thetables in your MySQL databases. You can also use the handy features ofthe Control Center to manage database users and supervise the databaseprocesses. If you re working with MySQL in a nongraphical environment, mtopis ahandy tool that gathers and displays information about the traffic onyour MySQL server. It s similar to top(and apachetop), and it s a breezeto use. Installation is a bit of a chore, but don t worry we help youthrough that. This technique is all about using the tools to monitor and improve yourservers. Whether it s an Apache server or a MySQL server, keeping trackof the vital statistics about its operation will let you make decisions thatmake your servers run faster and keep your users happy. TechniqueSave Time By Using apachetopto monitor your Apacheserver Using the MySQL ControlCenter to monitor andmaintain your MySQLserver Using mtop to audit yourMySQL statistics at thecommand line53_
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Use the Environment Variables andDirectories menus for advanced managementof scripts and directories. Server: Choose the Server tab on the HTTPConfiguration tool to edit user and group owner- ship information and set the file locations for theprocess ID, lock file, and core dump directory. Performance Tuning: Choose the PerformanceTuning tab to set the number of connectionsallowed to the Apache server, and the connec- tion timeout information. The HTTP Configuration tool manipulates variablesin the Apache configuration file. You can edit theconfiguration file directly with your favorite editor, but if you re trying to keep life simple, the HTTPConfiguration tool is about as quick as it can get. The configuration file for your Apache serveris located at /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf. You need superuser privileges to makechanges to this file. We recommend that you make a copy of theconfiguration file before making any changesto the original. It s always good to have some- thing to fall back on. Virtual Hosts: Choose the Virtual Hosts tab toadd or edit information about virtual hosts resid- ing on your Apache server. Your Apache servercan host multiple Web sites. Each virtual Website has its own set of properties defining itsname, where its root directory resides, and secu- rity information for that site. Click Edit to open the Properties window forexisting hosts, or click Add to create additionalhosts. Click the General Options entry in the leftframe to open the Basic Setup menu. Use theBasic Setup menu to enter information aboutthe name and location of the Web site files, aswell as the Webmaster s e-mail address. Use the Site Configuration menu to edit thedirectory name list and error pages that dis- play for the virtual host. Click the SSL entry in the left frame of theVirtual Host Properties window to edit the SSLcertificate information for the virtual host. Ifyou choose to enable SSL certification, enterthe location of the certificates on this menu. Use the Logging menu to control the transferlogs and error logs for the virtual host. Adding a reverse DNS lookup to the error logshows you who generates errors, but it alsoslows down your server. Gain a bit of speed bychanging the drop-down list to read NoReverse Lookup.
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HTTP Configuration tool is an easy-to-use, graphical interface that allows you to access manyof the Apache configuration options with just a fewmouse clicks. For simple configuration changes, orcomplex virtual host setups, it s great. Installing the Fedora HTTP Configuration toolThe Fedora HTTP Configuration tool is not installedby default with a standard Fedora installation, but itis included on the Fedora distribution media. So youcan have it up and running in no time. To install the HTTP Configuration tool, follow thesesteps: 1.Open the terminal window and give yourselfsuperuser privileges with the sucommand. 2.Mount your Fedora media and move into thedirectory containing the RPM packages. 3.Enter the following command: # rpm -Uhv redhat-config-httpd- 1.1.0-5.noarch.rpmWith a few whirrs and clicks, the packageinstalls. Putting the HTTP Configuration tool to workAfter you install the HTTP Configuration tool, it sready to use. Follow these steps to open the HTTPConfiguration tool: 1.Open the Main Menu and choose SystemSettings.Server Settings.HTTP. A dialog opens, prompting you for the rootpassword. 2.Enter the password and click OK. The HTTP Configuration tool opens, as shown inFigure 42-9. Figure 42-9:The HTTP Configuration tool. The tool features four tabs, each controlling a differ- ent aspect of the Apache service: Main: The Main tab controls the basic setup ofthe server. Use this tab to specify the servername and the Webmaster s e-mail address, andto add or change the IP address(es) that Apachelistens to. Click the Edit button to edit the IPaddress and port information (see Figure 42-10). Figure 42-10:Edit the address for your Apache server. If you have multiple network interface cardson your system, each card has a unique IPaddress (and, probably, a unique host name). Specify which card Apache should service byselecting the Address radio button and enter- ing the address of the preferred card.
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can also update the host information manually byvisiting your account information at DynDNS. Chooseyour host from the list of hosts that you manage, andits server will detect your address. If your addresshas changed, click the Modify Host button to updatethe information. Be sensitive to the fact that updating your IPaddress when it hasn t changed will invoke theire of the good people at DynDNS. CompareIP addresses and update your account only ifthe IP address has changed. Otherwise, yourservice will be interrupted for abusing yourprivileges. Technique 45 is all about creating a self-signedSSL certificate for your Apache Web site. Check it out! Keeping Your Apache ServerUp-to-Date the Easy WayIf you run an Apache server for any length of time, you ll probably find it needs a bit of tweaking. Youmay want to enable new features or add virtualhosts (whole new Web sites) to your servers. Youcan make those changes directly with a text editorand the Apache configuration file, but you can savetime by configuring your server with a good graphi- cal tool. Fedora Linux comes with a very friendly configura- tion tool that makes it easy to manage your Apacheserver: It s called the HTTP Configuration tool, andwe show you how to install and use it in this section. If you re using a distribution other than Fedora (say, Mandrake or SuSE), we recommend that youget familiar with Webmin s Apache configurationmodule it s not as friendly as Fedora s tool, butit s better than editing configuration files by hand. See Technique 17 for more information aboutWebmin. 2.Confirm the account registration to activate theaccount. 3.Add host information for your computer: Choose a host name and an extension. Ourpersonal favorite has to be is-a-geek.com. The DynDNS service automatically detectsand fills in the IP Address field. Select the Wildcard check box if you wantyour name to be accessible from bothwww.sitename.dyndns.comandsitename.dyndns.com. 4.Click the Add Host button, and you re done. If your Apache server is running and your firewall isallowing access through port 80, your Web siteshould be exposed to the Web. The exposure you get through the Web is alsoa liability. Build a good, sturdy firewall to pro- tect the rest of your system see Technique 34for more information about firewalls. Better yet, keep your site in a UML jail. VisitTechnique 58 for information about installingApache in a UML jail with ADIOS. Updating your IP addressDifferent ISPs have different policies about changingthe IP address of your local network. If you re con- nected to the Internet using a dial-up account, yourIP address changes each time you connect. Otherconnection types may assign you a semi-permanentIP address or change your address every few days. Ifyour ISP changes your IP address only when you logout, you need to update the dynamic DNS host infor- mation only when you ve logged out and back inagain. If your IP address changes more often, you llprobably want to use a client program to monitor thechanges and update the host information for you.
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edit and update your page with the current newsof the day, just fire up OpenOffice.org Writer andopen your document. Make your changes and savethe file, and your local network site is automaticallyupdated. Taking Your Site PublicwithDynamic DNSYou can make your Web site public by renting serverspace from an ISP or by obtaining your own domainname and hosting the site from your Apache server. When you rent machine space from an ISP, you paynot only for the room your data takes up, but alsofor the Web traffic to your site. If you have a smalland simple site with little traffic, that s not a prob- lem. If you have a large or complex site with a lot oftraffic, renting server space can get costly. You can save time and money by runninghigh-maintenance Web sites on local machines. If you use PHP to build your site or have livedatabase access from the site, keeping thedata where it can be updated easily is a realtimesaver. In order for others to find your Web site, you have tohave a host name, and the host name must be fullyqualified that is, your host name must include adomain name (something like www.example.com). Ifyour ISP is willing to assign you a fully qualified hostname, you re good to go. If not, don t despair youcan borrow someone s domain name by usingdynamic DNS. Understanding how dynamic DNS worksWhen a user surfs to your spanking new Web site, hetypes a name (say www.example.com). His Web browserasks a name server to convert the site name into anIP address. His local name server defers the requestto a well-known name server somewhere on theInternet. Eventually, the name server chain locates aserver that s responsible for the example.comdomain. That name server returns the IP address for host www(that is, host wwwwithin the example.comdomain). A normal name server maintains a database thatconverts host names into IP addresses for the hostson the name server s local network. A dynamic DNSserver provides the same service (host name to IPaddress translation), but it lets you change the data- base. To use a dynamic DNS server, you send your IPaddress and desired host name to the server, and itagrees to give out your IP address whenever some- one asks for your fully qualified host name. Of course, the domain name that you get to use is owned by thedynamic DNS provider, but it gives you a permanent, fully qualified name that you can hand out to friendsand business partners (without purchasing a domainname for yourself). What happens if your Internet service providerchanges your IP address? Simple just update thedynamic DNS database. Setting up dynamic DNSTo use dynamic DNS, you first contact a company(often an ISP) that will register your site name. Youcan find quite a few free (and paid) dynamic DNSproviders online. Each service provider has its own how-to s forsetting up a dynamic DNS service. The basicsare pretty much the same, but read the FAQsfor each service online before registering anaccount with that service. One dynamic DNS service worthy of mention isDynDNS.org. Follow the simple how-to page atwww.dyndns.org/services/dyndns/howto.htmlto setup your dynamic DNS account in no time. Follow thelinks to do the following: 1.Register for an account. You ll receive an e-mail confirming the accountregistration.
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When you re finished creating your openingWeb page, choose File.Save As from themenubar. If you re running Fedora or Mandrake Linux, saveyour file as/var/www/html/index.htmlIf you re running SuSE, save your file as /srv/www/htdocs/index.html5.Use the scroll bar next to the File Type field tohighlight the HTML Document (OpenOffice,orgWriter)(.html;htm) option in the drop-down list. 6.Click the Save button. Your new Web page is saved where your Apacheserver can find it. To check out your new network Web site, open yourbrowser and surf to http://127.0.0.1. Your new page is displayed; it should appear nearlyidentical to the document you created in Writer (seeFigure 42-8). Figure 42-8:Start your site quick with OpenOffice.org. For a top-notch tour of OpenOffice.org and acomplete rundown of its capabilities, look forOpenOffice.org For Dummies, by Gurdy Leete, Ellen Finkelstein, and Marty Leete (Wiley) atyour favorite online or local bookstore. If you want to serve up data to the rest of the world, you need an IP address and domain name moreabout that later. Building a Quick Web Pagewith OpenOffice.orgAfter you have a server up and running, you need toprovide some content for your users. A quick andeasy way to set up and maintain an internal newslet- ter is with OpenOffice.org. One of the great featuresof OpenOffice.org Writer is a WYSIWIG editor thatlets you create and save HTML documents in notime. It s also very affordable. If you haven t already installed OpenOffice, you need to install it before you proceed withthe steps in this section. See Technique 17 ifyou need help installing software on yoursystem. To create a simple Web page with OpenOffice.orgWriter, follow these steps: 1.Open a terminal window and give yourselfsuperuser privileges with the sucommand. 2.Enter the following command and press Enter: # oowriterOpenOffice.org Writer opens to a blank docu- ment, waiting for you to add content to your newWeb page. 3.Add content to the Web page text, pictures, and any graphics you want to distribute. If you add graphics, don t forget to copy theminto place within the directory structure ofyour Web page so that Apache can find them. If you copy pictures into an OpenOffice.orgdocument that you later save to an HTML file, the pictures are added as links. The links arereplaced with images when the document isviewed in a browser.
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Figure 42-6:The httpdservice is Apache. If you re running SuSE, you can use YaST to start theApache Web server by following these steps: 1.Open the Main Menu and choose System.YaST. 2.If you re not logged in as the superuser, SuSEprompts you for the root password. Type in therootpassword and click OK. 3.Click Network Services, and then click HTTPServer. 4.When the HTTP Server Configuration windowappears, click Enabled and then Finish. After a short delay, your Apache Web server isready to serve browser requests. If you re a Mandrake user, follow these steps to startthe Apache Web server using the Mandrake ControlCenter: 1.Open the Main Menu and choose System. Configuration.Configure Your Computer. 2.If you re not logged in as the superuser, Mandrake prompts you for the rootpassword. Type in the root password and click OK. 3.Choose System.Services. 4.Use the scroll bar to scroll down through thelist of services, and select the On Boot checkbox next to httpd. 5.Click the Start button (next to httpd). The Apache Web servers starts. 6.Click OK, and then close the Mandrake Controlcenter. The Apache Web server is up and running andwill automatically start each time you rebootyour Mandrake computer. To check the installation and service status of yournew Apache Web server, open a Web browser andsurf to http://127.0.0.1. Your browser displays theApache Server Test Page, shown in Figure 42-7. Figure 42-7:The Test Page for Apache Installation. At this point, you re ready to serve up Web contentto machines on your local network. Apache is aquick way to distribute a company newsletter orshare other in-house information. In the next sec- tion, we show you how to create simple Web contentwith OpenOffice. To make your server accessible to your com- pany or network, but not vulnerable to theoutside world, allow traffic from port 80 atyour local interface, but disallow traffic on port80 from the outside world. See Technique 34for helpful ideas about using Webmin to setup a functional firewall.
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start the Apache Web server on a Fedora system, you need to start the httpdservice. To start theservice, follow these steps: 1.Open the Main Menu and choose SystemSettings.Server Settings.Services. A dialog opens, prompting you for the rootpassword. 2.Enter the password and click OK. The Service Configuration window opens, asshown in Figure 42-5. Figure 42-5:The Service Configuration window. 3.Use the scroll bar to scroll down through thelist of services, and check the box next to httpdwhen you find it. The Status frame shows that the httpdservice isstopped. 4.Click the Start button on the toolbar. An Information pop-up informs you that httpdstarted successfully (see Figure 42-6). 5.Click OK to close the pop-up. 6.Click the Save button in the ServiceConfiguration window and then close thewindow. Your Apache Web server is up and running! Figure 42-4:The Package Management window. 4.Click Update. A dialog opens confirming that the system prepa- ration is completed. 5.Click the Continue button. A dialog opens, confirming that your system isbeing updated. 6.Click Continue, and when prompted, insert theFedora disc and click OK. The last few steps may vary a bit dependingon which disc images you re using. Just followalong and click the Package Manager is easyto get along with. When the system updates are complete, a windowopens confirming the successful installation. Now, you need to start the service, which we explain indetail in the next section. Starting the Apache ServiceThe Apache Web server is a daemon it lurks in thebackground, waiting for inquiries from browsers thatjust happen to come looking for you on TCP port 80.
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Figure 42-2:Synaptic, waiting to install new packages. Figure 42-3:The installation is complete. Installing Apache from discIf you have a set of installation discs for your Linuxdistribution, you can use the installer program (theFedora Package Manager, YAST, or Rpmdrake) toinstall Apache instead of downloading Apache fromthe Web. In this section, we show you how to installApache using the Fedora Package Manager. If you re running SuSE Linux, the procedure is similar use System.YAST.Install and RemoveSoftware; choose the Selections filter and clickSimple Webserver. Mandrake users can installApache using Rpmdrake (Main Menu.System. Configuration.Packaging.Install Software). If you happen to have a copy of Red HatLinux Fedora For Dummies,by Jon maddog Hall and Paul G. Sery (published by Wiley), you already have the Fedora distribution onDVD; you can install Apache from that DVD. Just insert the disc, enter the rootpasswordwhen prompted, and follow along. To install Apache from the Fedora install discs, fol- low these steps: 1.Open the Main Menu and choose SystemSettings.Add/Remove Applications. A dialog opens, prompting you for the rootpassword. 2.Enter the rootpassword and click OK. A dialog opens and confirms that Fedora ischecking the system package status. ThePackage Management window opens. 3.Scroll down to the Servers section and checkthe Web Server box (see Figure 42-4). If you plan on incorporating other programs(like PHP or PostgreSQL) into your Webserver, you can save time by adding themnow. Click the Details button to the right ofthe Web Server entry to view the packagecontents. Check the boxes next to any addi- tional packages you d like to add. When you refinished, click the Close button to return to thePackage Management window.
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