Figure 44-7:Status variables for a MySQL server. Server Logs: Click Server Logs in the menu panelto open the log viewer (the log viewer does notappear to work with a version-3 MySQL server). This feature needs a bit of help right now, butwe re sure the problems will be worked out. Figure 44-8:Configuration parameters for the MySQLserver. Backup: The Backup menu lets you create (andexecute) backup profiles. With this menu, youcan define jobs that archive all or part of yourserver data. Click the New Profile button andenter a name for the backup profile in the ProjectName field. Highlight a database name in the Figure 44-5:User and thread information on the UserConnections tab. Figure 44-6:Server Health graphs. Every MySQL server maintains a set of statusvariables that track performance and usage sta- tistics. Click the Status Variables tab to see theserver status variables. Highlight a group in theStatus Variables column to view the variableswithin that group, as shown in Figure 44-7. Click the Server Variables tab to view the config- uration parameters for your server. Highlight agroup in the Server Variables column to see theconfiguration parameters in that group, asshown in Figure 44-8.54_
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server. The Startup Variables menu has aseries of tab controls that group the configura- tion parameters into manageable chunks, asshown in Figure 44-3. Figure 44-3:The Startup Variables menu. With the tabs on this menu, you can adjust manyconfiguration parameters, including the following: General Parameters:On this tab, check theDisable Networking box to restrict access toyour MySQL server to those clients on thesame machine as the server. Log Files:On this tab, click the Slow QueriesLog box to generate a log file that displays slow queries. If you find that performance islagging, this tells you which queries are con- suming the most resources. Security: On this tab, check the Make AllTables Read-Only box for your replicationslave servers. You shouldn t modify replicatedtables from slave servers. Check out all the tabs and the options theyinclude to find new ways to customize and opti- mize your MySQL server. User Administration: Click User Administration inthe menu listing to open the User Administrationmenu. MySQL user accounts are listed in thelower-left frame of the window, as shown inFigure 44-4. Figure 44-4:The User Administration menu. To create a new MySQL user account, click theNew User button. Complete the user informationand then click Apply Changes. Use the SchemaPrivileges and Resource Limits tabs to view (or modify) user privileges. If you re running a version of MySQL youngerthan version 4.0, you ll get an error messagewhen you modify user information. Ignore themessage and consider upgrading to a morerecent version of MySQL. Server Connections: Click Server Connections toview all active connections and see what usersare up to. The User Connections tab displays adetailed list of user sessions. Highlight a username to display the active threads for that user, as shown in Figure 44-5. If you have runaway (or really slow) queries, you can kill them off on the User Connectionstab with the Kill Thread button, or terminateall threads for a single user with the Kill Userbutton. Just highlight the thread or user nameand click the appropriate button. Health: Click Health in the left panel to accessgraphs of performance and server statistics foryour MySQL server. The Health menu opens, dis- playing a trio of Connection Health graphs, asshown in Figure 44-6.
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Enter the connection information for yourMySQL server a user name, password, andhost name and then click the Connectbutton. The MySQL Administrator window opens to theServer Information page, displaying informationabout the connection, the server version, andthe client (see Figure 44-2). Figure 44-2:The MySQL Administrator opening window. Exploring MySQL Administrator s toolsThe panel on the left side of the MySQLAdministrator window contains menu names for thedifferent features that MySQL Administrator canhelp control. Highlight a menu name to view (andchange) a set of features. Here s an overview of thetools you ll find: Service Control: Click Service Control in themenu panel to open the Service Control menu. From this menu, you can monitor the startup logmessages. You can also start and stop the serverby clicking the Stop the Server (or Start theServer) button. Startup Variables: Click Startup Variables tochange the configuration parameters for yourThe installation instructions on the MySQLAdministrator Web page are wrong at thetime we re writing this. If you ve downloadedversion 1.0.2b-alpha, use the preceding com- mand to install the program in the correctlocation. Starting MySQL AdministratorAfter you install MySQL Administrator, you re readyto start the program and begin using its tools. Tostart the program, follow these steps: 1.Move to the directory containing the program: # cd /opt/mysql-administrator/bin2.Start the program with the following command: # ./mysql-administratorAdd /opt/mysql-administrator/binto yourshell s search $PATH, and you ll be able to startthe program from anywhere on your systemwith just the program name. See Technique 7for details about updating $PATH. The MySQL Administrator connection dialogopens, as shown in Figure 44-1. Figure 44-1:The MySQL Administrator connectiondialog.
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mysqlhotcopyutility copies only MyISAM tables, not InnoDB or BDB tables. Using mysqlhotcopyis lessintrusive than taking your database offline, but it canslow things down if you re backing up a busy data- base. (mysqlhotcopyhas to wait for the READlock onall tables before it proceeds and blocks all tablemodifications until it finishes.) Archiving a Replication SlaveAnother very useful alternative to mysqlhotcopyisreplication. When you replicate a database (or a tablewithin a database), the replication slave maintainsan exact copy of the data stored in the replicationmaster. To back up your data, simply shut down the slaveand use a file system backup tool to archive theslave database. While your slave database is offline, users can still read and modify the master. Thenwhen the slave comes back online, the replicationmechanism automatically applies any changes to theslave database. When you back up a replication slave, you must archive the $MYSQL/master.infoand$MYSQL/relay-log.infofiles, too. Taking Care of Business withMySQL AdministratorMySQL Administrator is a graphical interface thathelps you manage your MySQL server. It s a veryyoung tool (in fact, it s still in alpha-release land), complete with all the bugs you would expect from aprogram at this stage of maturity. It does show a tonof promise though, and it s worth getting familiarwith. We think it has a great future as it grows anddevelops. The official voices at MySQL say that this toolwill not work well with the release-3 servers but only a few of the features don t work. Fedora is currently distributed with release-3servers but should be stepping up to release-4servers any day now. SuSE and Mandrake shipwith MySQL release 4. You can run release-4 MySQL servers on Fedora, butthey re not standard issue. However, they shouldbecome standard equipment soon. This is alpha-release software. It seems prettystable, but it shouldn t be used in a productionenvironment yet (that is, with really, reallyimportant data). It s a good product to getfamiliar with though just keep lots of back- ups of any data dear to your heart or business. Installing MySQL AdministratorTo install MySQL Administrator, follow these steps: 1.Open a browser window and surf towww.mysql.com/downloads/ 2.Scroll down the page to the Graphical Clientssection and click the MySQL Administrator link. 3.Scroll down the MySQL Administrator page andclick the Pick a Mirror link next to the Linuxdownload labeled Linux (x86, glibc 2.3, stripped). The nonstripped version contains debug infor- mation and other stuff you most likely don tneed, and it will just slow down the download. 4.Scroll through the mirror sites to find a down- load location geographically near you. Clickthe HTTP link to start the download. 5.Save the download to your home directory(or/tmp you won t need the tarball afteryou ve installed it). 6.Close the download manager and the browser. 7.Open a terminal window and give yourselfsuperuser privileges with the sucommand. 8.Unpack the tarball with the following command: # tar -C / -zxvf mysql-administrator- 1.0.2b-alpha-linux-stripped.tar.gz54_
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customer.frm: Contains the metadata for thecustomertable (that is, the table, column, andindex definitions) customer.MYD: Contains the rows in the customertable customer.MYI: Contains the indexes defined forthe customertable (if any) You can back up an entire database by archiving thefiles in the database directory. For example, use thefollowing command to create a file system backup ofthe acctgdatabase: $ tar -zcvf acctg.tgz /var/lib/mysql/acctgRemember to be safe and shut down your MySQLserver before you copy the table files. If you can tshut down your MySQL server on a regu- lar basis, you can still use file system archive tools, but you have to ensure that the tables that you rebacking up are not being modified at the time youarchive them. Making a mysqlhotcopyofYourDatabaseThe mysqlhotcopyprogram creates a copy of MyISAMtable files from a running server. When mysqlhotcopyarchives a table, it acquires a READlock on the table, creates a copy of the table s data files, and thenreleases the READlock. The READlock preventsupdates but allows other users to read the table atthe same time. To back up the acctgdatabase using mysqlhotcopy, use the following command: $ mysqlhotcopy acctgThe table files are copied to a directory named/var/lib/mysql/acct_copy. You can use a file systemarchive tool to back up the copy. Restoring a mysqldump archiveAfter you ve created an archive with mysqldump, it seasy to restore your data if something goes wrong. Because mysqldumpcreated an SQL script for you, allyou have to do to recover lost data is to run the script. For example, if you ve created an archive namedbackup.sql, simply feed that script back into themysqlclient, like this: $ mysql database < backup.sqlNote that you must provide a databasename if youarchived a single database. If you back up multiple databases in the samearchive file with the --all-databasesoption or the --databasesoption, you don t have to specify a data- base when you restore (the database names arestored in the archive). To restore from a compressed archive, use the zcatprogram to decompress the script and pipe the resultinto mysql: $ zcat backup.sql.gz | mysql databaseIf you normally back up your data to CD orDVD, see Technique 50 for a handy way tostream your MySQL archive directly onto a setof one or more discs. Backing Up with FileSystemToolsIf you can afford to take your MySQL server offlineoccasionally, you can use normal Linux backup tools, such as tarand gzip. (See Technique 50 for informa- tion about using file system backup tools to archiveyour data.) MySQL tables are stored in normal file system datafiles. If you have a MyISAM table named customer(ina database named acctg), you see three customer- related files in /var/lib/mysql/acctg:
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option is –add-drop-table. This option tells mysqldumpto include a DROP TABLEcommandbefore each CREATE TABLEcommand. If you don t use–add-drop-table, the resulting script will fail iftablenamealready exists when you run the script(which is usually the case). You should also consider using the –alloption. –allwrites all the table options (character set, comment, row format, and so on) used when eachtable was originally created. If you don t use –all, you ll lose all those table options if you restore froman archive script. Table 44-1 lists the mysqldumpoptions that affect the format of the resulting archive. It s a good idea to use the –optoption inmost scenarios. –optproduces an archivethat saves all data (even the extra tableoptions normally saved with the –allflag) ina form that s optimized for quick restores. The –complete-insertoption is useful when yoususpect that you may restructure a table betweenthe time you create the archive and the time yourestore from that archive. Backing up multiple databasesTo archive all databases, add the –all-databasesoption to your command line when you create thearchive. Or you can archive a set of databases likethis: $ mysqldump –databases db1 db2 db3Compressing the archiveThe archive produced by mysqldumpcan getvery big very fast. Instead of storing the rawarchive on disc, you can compress the script thatmysqldumpproduces by using gzipor bzip2. Because mysqldumpwrites the script to its standardoutput stream, you can easily pipe the script into thestandard input stream of a compression tool, like this: $ mysqldump database | gzip > backup.sql.gz This command archives the given database, pipesthe resulting script to gzip, and saves the com- pressed script to backup.sql.gz. TABLE44-1: MYSQLDUMPARCHIVEOPTIONSOptionDescription–allForce mysqldumpto archive all table options (TYPE, COMMENT, and so on). –complete-insertInclude column names in every INSERTcommand. –extended-insertInsert multiple rows with a single INSERTcommand. –add-drop-tableInsert a DROP TABLEcommand before each CREATE TABLE. –add-locksLock each table for WRITEaccess before inserting new rows. –disable-keysUpdate indexes after all data has been inserted. –no-autocommitRestore each table in a single transaction. –no-create-dbDon t write CREATE DATABASEcommands to the script. –quote-namesQuote all column and table names in the script. Use this option only if you ve created atable (or column) whose name conflicts with a reserved keyword. –xmlProduce the archive in the form of an XML document rather than an SQL script. –where=where-clauseOnly archive rows that satisfy the where-clause. –optOptimize the archive for best restore performance.
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mysqldumpprogram creates an archive in theform of a series of SQL commands that will re-createthe data should you restore from the archive. Asmysqldumpprocesses each table, it writes a CREATETABLEcommand to re-create the table and all indexesdefined for that table. Then it writes an INSERTcom- mand for each row in the table. Listing 44-1 shows a snippet from a typical mysqldumparchive. LISTING44-1: MYSQLDUMPARCHIVE… — – Table structure for table `customer` — CREATE TABLE customer ( id int(11) NOT NULL default 0 , name varchar(40) default NULL, address varchar(40) default NULL, city varchar(40) default NULL, state varchar(20) default NULL, zip varchar(9) default NULL, PRIMARY KEY (id), KEY cc_name (name), KEY cc_city_state (city,state) ) TYPE=MyISAM; — – Dumping data for table `customer` — INSERT INTO customer VALUES (1, TrixieWare , 200 Snack Street , Beltsville , MD , 25525 ); INSERT INTO customer VALUES (2, FranklinBooks , 157 Literary Ave. , Seattle , WA , 97745 ); … mysqldump backup optionsThe mysqldumpcommand supports a variety of com- mand line options, many of which affect the formatof the data in the archive itself. One particularlyChoosing a Method to Back UpMySQL DataArchiving (or backing up) the data in a MySQL data- base can be a bit tricky. The archive method thatyou choose is primarily influenced by three factors: Database availability (hot-backup or shutdown) Table type (MyISAM, InnoDB, and so on) Archive sizeIf your database must be online 24/7, you must use ahot-backup technique. If you can afford to take yourMySQL server down for a while, you can use a file- system backup technique. If you can take your server offline, you can use normalfilesystem backup tools (like tar). If you need to use ahot-backup technique, you can use mysqlhotcopyormysqldump. Or, for the ultimate in availability, use repli- cation to archive your data. We explain how each ofthese backup tools works in the sections that follow. Backing Up and RestoringwithmysqldumpTo back up a table using mysqldump, follow these steps: 1.Open a terminal window. 2.Execute the following command: $ mysqldump database> backup.sqlReplace databasewith the name of the databasethat you want to archive. 3.Copy the resulting file (backup.sql) to CD (ortape) or move it to a different host to safeguardthe data.
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means that you should never change thedata on a replication slave. If you dochangedata on a slave, the master and slave serversget out of synch, and you may lose data. Whenyou create a slave, you start with a copy of thedata as it exists on the master. MySQL lets you choose which tables you want toreplicate (you don t have to replicate all the tables ina database). That means that a single server can actas both a master and a slave, as long as it s a masterfor some tables and a slave for others. Setting up replication for a single slave and masterCreating a single-slave/single-master topology is easy, but you have to do a bit of work on both the masterand slave servers, as outlined in the following steps: 1.Log in to your MySQL server on the replicationmaster: # mysqlWelcome to the MySQL monitor. Commandend with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 5 to serverversion 3.23.58Type help; or \h for help. Type \c to clear the buffer. mysql> 2.Create a new MySQL user account the repli- cation slave will log into the replication masterusing this account: mysql> GRANT FILE ON *.* TO repl_slave IDENTIFIED BY repl_pass ; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.13 sec) 3.Exit MySQL and shut down the server: mysql> quit# service mysqld stop4.Create a backup of all the databases that youwant to replicate: # cd /var/lib/mysql# ls mysql prod devel# tar -zcvf data.tgz prod develprod/ prod/cust.frmprod/cust.MYIprod/cust.MYD… 5.Copy the archive (data.tgz) to the replicationslave: # scp data.tgz slave:/tmp/data.tgztest.tgz 100% 108.0KB/s 00:056.Edit the /etc/my.cnffile and find the sectionthat starts with[mysqld] datadir=/var/lib/mysqlsocket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock7.Add the following lines to the end of that section: log-binserver-id = 18.Restart the master server: # service mysqld startOn the replication slave(s), follow these steps: 1.Shut down the MySQL server: # service mysqld stop2.Edit the /etc/my.cnffile and find the sectionthat starts with[mysqld] datadir=/var/lib/mysqlsocket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock3.Add the following text to the end of that section: master-host = master-hostnamemaster-user = repl_slavemaster-password = repl_passserver-id = 24.Unpack the archive you made on the server: # cd /var/lib/mysql54_
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crash, or normal maintenance), a slavedatabase can take over. It improves the overall performance of yourdatabase. Create a replication slave on a sepa- rate computer, and you ve spread the user loadonto two systems. MySQL s replication architec- ture makes it easy to configure as many slaveservers as you need. It improves availability while you re backingup your data. Because the slave servers containthe same data as the master, you can take a slaveoffline and archive the data from there instead offrom the master server. Configuring replication: The three topologiesDifferent database vendors offer different replicationtopologies(the topology of a replication systemdescribes which servers push data to other servers). MySQL supports three basic topologies: Single-master/single-slave Single-master/multiple-slave Single-master/chained-slavesThe single-master/single-slave topology is easiest to understand. One server acts as the replicationmaster. When you change a table in the master, themodification is pushed to another server, called thereplication slave. A single replication master can push data to multipleslave servers. That s a single-master/multiple-slavetopology. A replication slave can push changes (which itreceives from the replication master) to another slave, resulting in a single-master/chained-slaves topology. Replication data always flows in one direction: from the master to the slave. The replicationmaster records all data modifications to abinary (that is, not human-readable) log file. When a replication slave connects to the mas- ter, it reads the log file and applies all thechanges to its own copy of the data. If you plan to use MySQL in your daily work, it s a good idea to configure your system tostart the MySQL server each time you bootyour computer: See Technique 20 for thedetails. Just remember, the MySQL service isnamed mysqlon SuSE and Mandrake sys- tems, and mysqldif you re running Fedora. After you start the server for the first time, create aMySQL password for the rootuser: 1.Open a terminal window and give yourselfsuperuser privileges: $ su - Password: 2.Type in the following command (substitutingyour desired password for new-password): # mysqladmin -u root password new- passwordNow you re ready to use your MySQL server. Ifyou re already comfortable with MySQL, we give youa few more timesaving tips in the rest of this chapter. If not, it s time to hit the books. You can find a widevariety of books on MySQL in your local book store(or at a bookseller online), but we happen to thinkthat MySQL [New Riders/Sams Publishing]by PaulDubois is one of the best. Replicating MySQL DataMySQL supports data replication. When you config- ure replication, MySQL automatically forwards datamodifications (INSERTs, UPDATEs, and DELETEs) fromone MySQL server to another. If you have a geo- graphically distributed organization, MySQL canautomatically push data from your central databaseout to your branch offices. Changes that you maketo the master database appear almost instantly ineach of the remote servers. Replication offers three important benefits: It improves the overall reliability of your data- base.If the master database becomes unavail- able for some reason (hardware problems, a54_
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MySQL software is distributed under adual licensing scheme. If you re not redistribut- ing MySQL as part of a closed-source pack- age, you can use MySQL under the terms ofthe GNU General Public License. If you areredistributing MySQL as part of a proprietarysoftware package, or you want warranty sup- port from MySQL AB, you have to purchase alicense. We re not attorneys, so please see theMySQL Web site (www.mysql.com) for theofficial license policies. Building a MySQL ServerIf you ve slogged through the installation instructionsat the MySQL Web site, you ll be happy to know thatcreating a MySQL server on Linux is surprisinglyeasy. The MySQL team has followed all the instruc- tions on your behalf and wrapped everything up in atidy RPM package that does all the dirty work for you. Installing the necessary packagesTo create a MySQL server on your computer, useyour distribution s installer to install the MySQLserver, MySQL client, and all necessary dependencies. If you re a Mandrake user, use Rpmdrake and selectServer.Database.Other.MySQL. Rpmdrake auto- matically installs the MySQL client and a whole slewof dependencies for you. If you re a Fedora user, use Add/Remove Packagesand scroll down to the Servers section. Click theDetails link next to SQL Database Server and chooseMySQL-server. Fedora automatically resolves alldependencies and installs the MySQL client softwarefor you. SuSE fans should use YaST2 to install MySQL. You llfind MySQL in Productivity.Databases.Servers. Like the Fedora and Mandrake installers, YaST2 will install the MySQL client software and anydependencies. Starting the MySQL serverBefore you can use MySQL, you need to start theMySQL server: 1.Open the Main Menu and choose System. Services (or, if you re using GNOME, chooseSystem Settings.Server Settings.Services). 2.Enter the rootpassword if prompted. 3.Scroll through the list of services (in the left- most column) and find the service namedmysqld. 4.Check the box to the left of mysqldand thenclick Save (on the toolbar). 5.Click Start (also on the toolbar). A message appears confirming that the mysqldservice started successfully. 6.Click OK and close the Service Configurationwindow. You must hold superuser privileges to start theMySQL server. Open a terminal window and giveyourself the required privileges with the su - command. To start the MySQL server on a Mandrake system, type in the following command: # /etc/init.d/mysql startOn a SuSE computer, use this command: # /usr/sbin/rcmysql startIf you re running Fedora, use the following command: # /etc/init.d/mysqld startMySQL is up and running. The first time you startthe MySQL server, it creates the server environmentand an empty database named test. The data files for your MySQL database arestored in the /var/lib/mysqldirectory. Forconvenience, we refer to that directoryas$MYSQL.
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