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is 0). SuSE Linux defines a number of other sys- tem accounts such as bin(user binowns most of theprograms in the /bindirectory), daemon(used to runmany of the background daemons on a typical Linuxsystem), and mail(user mailowns most compo- nents of the e-mail processing system). To switch between local users (or local groups) andsystem users (or groups), click Set Filter and selectthe filter you want to use. Filtering users and groupsThe SuSE User and Group Administration toolenables you to filter the users and groups that yousee while you re adding and modifying accounts. Bydefault, YaST displays local users. A local useris auser whose numeric user ID is in the range 500through 60,000 (inclusive). A system useris a userwhose numeric user ID is less than 500 or greaterthan 60,000. User rootis a system account (root s49_
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to use your account. When youraccount expires, you will no longer be able tolog in. 8.When you re finished with the PasswordSettings dialog, click Next to continue. Note:If you click Back, YaST silently discards anychanges that you made to the password settings. 9.When you re back at the Add a New Local Userdialog, click Create to create the account. That s it; you ve just created a new user account. Younow see the User and Group Administration dialogagain (refer to Figure 40-8). The user account that youjust created will not be active until you click Finish toclose the window. Modifying user accountsYou can also use YaST s User and Group Administra- tion tool to modify and delete user accounts. If you need to delete a user, the process is simple: Just highlight the user and click Delete. When youdelete a user, YaST will ask if you want to delete theuser s home directory as well be sure you vemade a backup of any files that may be importantbefore you click Yes. To modify a user account, highlight the account andclick Edit (or just double-click the user name). Whenyou modify an account, you use the same set ofdialogs that you used to create the account: Simplychange any settings that you want to modify andclick Next to save your work. Adding groupsA groupis a collection of users. Groups make it easyto manage file permissions. If you have several userswho all need to access the same set of files, create anew group with those users in it. YaST makes it easy to create and modify groups. Toadd a new group, you use the same User and GroupAdministration tool that we described previously: 1.In the User and Group Administrator, click theGroups option button near the top of the dialog. 2.Click Add. YaST opens the Add a New Local Group dialog, shown in Figure 40-12. Figure 40-12:The Add a New Local Group dialog. 3.Type a name for the new group in the GroupName field. 4.Enter a Group ID or accept the default gidselected by YaST. YaST displays an error message if the group IDyou specify is already in use. 5.If you want Linux to require a password beforea user can switch to this group, enter (and con- firm) the password. In most cases, you can leave the password blank: You must be a member of a group before you canswitch to that group, so assigning a group pass- word is usually overkill. 6.Use the scrolling list at the right side of the dia- log to add and remove members of the newgroup. 7.Click Next to save your changes and return tothe User and Group Administration dialog.
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Change the fields in the Password Settings dia- log to enable and adjust the password agingoptions for this user: Days Before Password Expiration to IssueWarning: The typical default value (7) startswarning the user one week before his or herpassword expires. Each time you log in toLinux, the login program compares the cur- rent date to the password expiration date foryour account. If your password is about toexpire, Linux displays a warning and suggeststhat you may want to change your passwordbefore it expires. Days After Password Expires with UsableLogin: This might seem like a strange ques- tion at first. If you can log in even though yourpassword has expired, what good is passwordexpiration? When you log in to Linux afteryour password has expired, you must changeyour password before you can do any otherwork. The default value for this field (-1) letsyou change your expired password at anytime. If you enter some other value in thisfield, you can only change your expired pass- word within that interval after that, you llhave to ask the system administrator to resetyour password for you. Maximum Number of Days for the SamePassword:Enter a value in this field to specifyhow often the user must change his or herpassword. If you enter, say, 7 in this field, theuser must change his or her password everyweek. Minimum Number of Days for the SamePassword:The default value of 0 means thatthe user can change his or her password atany time. If, for some reason, you want theuser to keep the same password for someperiod of time, enter the number of days inthis field. Expiration Date:If you enter a date in thisfield, the user account will be disabled afterthat date. Note that the expiration date isnotthe same thing as password aging. Whenyour password expires, you can change it Additional User Information: Enter any extrainformation that you want to note about thisuser. The information that you supply here isignored by most Linux programs, but will bedisplayed if someone fingers this user withthe fingercommand (see man fingerformore information). Login Shell:The option you choose from thisdrop-down list determines which shell startswhen the user opens a terminal window. bashis usually a good choice. Default Group: SuSE typically adds new usersto the usersgroup, but you can choose a dif- ferent one by selecting the group from theDefault Group drop-down list. Additional Group Membership: Usethescrolling list on the right side of the dialog toenroll the user in other groups or to removethe user from other groups. 5.When you re finished with the Add/Edit UserProperties dialog, click Next to continue. Note:If you click Back, YaST silently discardsany changes that you made to the Add/Edit UserProperties dialog. 6.Click Password Settings to open the PasswordSettings dialog, shown in Figure 40-11. Figure 40-11:The Password Settings dialog.
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Figure 40-8:The SuSE User and Group Administrationdialog. Adding new usersTo add a new user, follow these steps: 1.In the user administrator, click Add (near thebottom of the window). The Add a New Local User dialog opens, asshown in Figure 40-9. Figure 40-9:The Add a New Local User dialog. 2.Fill in the fields in the dialog appropriately: Full User Name:This name is for internal use. Type in the full name of the new user. User Login:This is the name of the new useraccount (in other words, the login name). Password and Verify Password:Enter a pass- word and verify the password in the nextfield. The password has to be at least fivecharacters long, and it can be any combina- tion of upper- and lowercase letters, numbers, and characters. 3.Click Details to open the Add/Edit UserProperties dialog, shown in Figure 40-10. Figure 40-10:The detailed user properties dialog. 4.Change the fields in the detailed properties dia- log to suit your needs: User ID (uid): In most cases, you can acceptthe default user ID chosen by YaST. If, forsome reason, you need to choose a differentuser ID, type in a value between 500 and 6000: YaST will display an error message if the userID you specify is already in use. Home Directory:This defaults to /home/ username, but you can specify a differentdirectory if you choose.
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use the filter, type in the first few letters of theuser name and click Apply Filter. The names arescreened to include only those starting with thatsearch string (see Figure 40-7). Figure 40-7:The Users list, filtered for names beginningwith fr. To refresh the list to show all users, clear the SearchFilter field and click Apply Filter. The list thenrefreshes, showing all users. Managing Users and Groupswith the SuSE UserAdministratorThe SuSE user and group administrator is part of theYaST Control Center. SuSE s user and group tools arepowerful and friendly a timesaving combination. To start the SuSE user administrator, open the mainmenu and choose System.YaST. (Enter the super- user password if prompted). When the YaST con- trolcenter appears, click Security and Users andthen Edit and Create Users. The user and group administrator opens, as shownin Figure 40-8.6.Click OK when you re done. The group is created. Now, you need to add themembers. 7.Back in the Groups tab of the user manager, double-click the group in the list. The Group Properties dialog appears, as shownin Figure 40-6. Figure 40-6:The Group Properties dialog. 8.To add users to your new group, choose theGroup Users tab. 9.Check the boxes next to the users that will bemembers of the group. 10.Click OK when you re finished. The Groups tab in the user manager is updatedto reflect the new group members. Filtering users and groupsOne really handy feature of the Fedora/Mandrake usermanager is the Search Filter, located in the upper- right corner of the screen. You can apply the SearchFilter to either the Users list or the Groups list.
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User Data: Use this tab to change the user spassword, home directory, or login shell. If a user forgets a password, this is the place togo. The old password is masked, but you canenter a new password for the user in seconds. Account Info: On this tab, check the LocalPassword Is Locked box to lock the user outof his or her account. Check the EnableAccount Expiration option if you want theaccount to expire on a certain date, and thenenter the expiration date. Password Info: Use this tab to controlchanges to a user s password. You can specifythe number of days before a change is allowed, or the number of days before a change isrequired. You can also set up a warning date, warning the user that his or her password isabout to expire, or specify the number of daysbefore the account will be rendered inactive. Expiring a password limits the amount of timethat a hacker can use it. It also takes a fairamount of horsepower to crack a password, soif someone gets an encrypted version of yourpassword file, odds are that the password willhave changed by the time that the hackerdecrypts it. Good password management is areal timesaver. Groups: Use this tab to specify the groups towhich a user belongs. You can also specify theuser s primary group here. 3.When you ve finished making changes, clickOK to save your work. Adding groupsA groupis a collection of users. Groups make it easyto manage file permissions. If you have several usersthat all need to access the same file, create a newgroup with those users in it. The user manager makes it a breeze to create andmodify groups. To add a group, follow these steps: 1.Open the Main Menu and choose SystemSettings.Users and Groups. 2.Choose the Groups tab. The currently defined groups are displayed, asshown in Figure 40-4. Figure 40-4:The Fedora/Mandrake user managerGroups tab. 3.Click the Add Group button on the toolbar. The Create New Group dialog appears, as shownin Figure 40-5. Figure 40-5:The Create New Group dialog. 4.Specify a name in the Group Name field. 5.If you need to specify a group number, you cancheck the Specify Group ID Manually box, butwe recommend accepting the default and let- ting Linux assign the group number to avoidpotential conflict.
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user accountsUsers come and go that s the nature of business. If you re responsible for many user accounts, you llneed to change forgotten passwords and delete oldaccounts. The user manager s graphical interfacemakes quick work of keeping up with the humanresources department. If you need to delete a user, the process is simple: Just select the user and click Delete on the toolbar. When you click the Delete button, take note ofthe Delete User s Home Directory option. Besure that nothing important is in that directorybefore you click Yes. To make changes to a user account, follow thesesteps: 1.Double-click a user name in the user manager. The User Properties dialog appears, as shown inFigure 40-3. With the User Properties dialog, youcan change the user account with just a fewclicks. Figure 40-3:The User Properties dialog. 2.Adjust different settings on the four tabs, asfollows: 2.Fill in the fields in the dialog appropriately: User Name:This is the name that you ll seenext to the cursor when you log in to the shell(so make sure it s polite). Full Name:This name is for internal use. Ifyou re managing a large company, you mayneed to distinguish between your Bobs orJennifers. Password and Confirm Password:Enter apassword and confirm the password in thenext field. The password has to be at least sixcharacters long, and it can be any combina- tion of upper- and lowercase letters, numbers, and characters. Login Shell:The option you choose from thisdrop-down list determines which shell startswhen the user opens a terminal window. bashis a good, friendly choice, but if the new useris a real macho-type programmer, he or shemight want a more hearty shell like /bin/csh(designed to be friendly to C programmers need we say more?). Create Home Directory:This defaults to/home/username for the user, but you canspecify a different directory if you choose. Create a Private Group for the User:Checkthis box if you want to create a new group. Specify User ID Manually: Check this box ifyou want to choose the user ID rather thanallow the system to manage the numbers. Wedon t recommend that unless you have areally good reason. Linux knows best. Never create a user with a UID of 0. The usermanager won t let you do it, but you can do itat the command line. User 0 is always root, and any user with a UID of 0 is also root(andhas superuser privileges). 3.After you fill in the dialog, click OK to add thenew user. You re finished!
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Users can t read each other s e-mail or otherprivate documents. Users can t alter each other s files. User can t lock others out of the system bychanging a shared password. Users have separate home directories to keeptheir work in. Privileges for programs and data files can beassigned to individuals. This makes your work as a user administrator muchquicker and easier. Managing Users and Groupswith the Fedora/MandrakeUserManagerIn this section, we give you a tour of the Fedora/ Mandrake user manager. If you re a SuSE user, skipahead to the section, Managing Users and Groupswith the SuSE User Administrator. The user manager makes user and group manage- ment a snap. With just a few clicks, you can set upnew users or temporary accounts, change pass- words, and manage groups. The user manager works from either the KDEDesktop or the GNOME desktop. If you re runningFedora Linux, you can start the user manager byopening the main menu and choosing SystemSettings.Users and Groups. If you re runningMandrake Linux, start the user manager by openingthe main menu and choosing System.Configuration. Other.User Administration. In either case, enter thesuperuser password if you are prompted to do so. The user manager then opens, as shown in Figure40-1. The user manager gives you all the access you needto add and modify groups and users. The easy-to-readuser lists and intuitive dialogs make it a quick tool toget up and running with. Figure 40-1:The Fedora/Mandrake User Manager. Adding new usersTo add a user, follow these steps: 1.In the user manager, click the Add User icon onthe toolbar. The Create New User dialog opens, as shown inFigure 40-2. Figure 40-2:The Create New User dialog.
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Save Time By Using the Fedora/ Mandrake user managerto add users and groups Forcing users to updatepasswords Changing passwords witha few clicks Organizing your usersinto groups Using filters to find usersfastTaking Care of New(And Old) UsersEven if you re the only user on your system, you likely already knowthat you need at least two user accounts: you and your alter ego the superuser. Your wild side (the superuser) is there when youneed it to customize configuration files, install software, and remove oldfiles. Your more sensible identity is for moving with speed and agility, without the danger of accidentally wiping out the contents of your onlineworld with a typing error. If you manage a system with multiple users, or you manage a network, you ve likely set up each user with his or her own identity so you don thave roots running around willy-nilly changing passwords and unin- stalling packages. Whether you manage two user accounts or 200, the graphical user man- ager that comes with your distribution is the timesaving way to managethem. This tool simplifies account-related tasks, letting you avoid com- mand line interaction. You don t have to remember any commands; justpoint and click to create and manage users and their information. Theprocess of adding new users and modifying existing ones is fast. Using groups to organize file privileges can save you a ton of time. Thegraphical user manager makes it easy to create and populate groups withits handy checklist. Fedora Linux and Mandrake Linux (currently) use thesame user manager tool. As we describe the Fedora user manager, justremember that everything that we tell you applies to the Mandrake usermanager as well. In this technique, we introduce you to the advantages of your distribu- tion s user manager. You ll save time (and a lot of typing) by using thissimple tool to keep your user accounts and groups up-to-date. Every fileand program on a Linux computer is owned by a single user and a singlegroup. Every file (and program) also has a set of permissions that deter- mine what the owner can do to the file, what members of the group cando, and what everyone else can do. To make the system a safer place, assign each user a unique user nameand password. When you create a separate account for each user, it hasthe following effects: 40Technique49_
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Start up a copy of xmmsand tell it to play amedia stream (see www.shoutcast.comif you relooking for some good music). 2.Now, open a terminal window and run the fol- lowing command: $ xkillSelect the window whose client you wishto kill with button 1…. Notice that the mouse cursor has changed fromits familiar arrow to something that looks like atarget sight in an F-16.3.Click anywhere on the xmmswindow, and themedia player is killed. Be careful with xkill you can easily kill off thewrong program with a single click. xkillwill kill justabout any window that you click even the KDE (orGNOME) taskbar! Make sure that the window you want to kill isvisible. You can t move to a different desktopby clicking the pager (the multiple-desktopcontrol down on your taskbar) because you llkill the pager instead. If you change your mind after you start xkill, just right-click anywhere on the screen, andxkillwill end without doing any damage. xkillisn t foolproof. It can t kill every program, butwe ve yet to find one that it can t handle. Of course, you need the right privileges to use xkill. You cankill off processes that you own, but you can t killprocesses owned by other users. If you need to kill a process owned by anotheruser, give yourself superuser privileges (withsu) before you run xkill. Getting Your Processes Priorities StraightLinux uses a relatively simple scheme for divvyingup available CPU time. CPU time is divided intoshort segments, and each period is called a quantum. As each quantum expires, the kernel chooses a newprocess to run from the list of processes with thehighest priorities. Each process is assigned a prior- ity that can change over time. The base priorityassigned to a process is known as its nicevalue. The name is a little strange and so is the numberingscheme. Nice values range from +20 (lowest priority) to 20 (highest priority), and most processes startwith a nice value of 0. Think of it this way: A programwith a high nice value is being nice to other processesby giving up the CPU when someone else needs it. To view the nice value of an existing process, usethis command: $ ps -l process-idYou can lower the priority (that is, increase the nicevalue) of your own processes by using the renicecommand. For example, here s how to lower the pri- ority of your bash shell: $ renice +10 $$ 6297: old priority 0, new priority 10(The $$shell variable contains the process ID ofyour shell.) If you have superuser privileges, you can increase ordecrease the nice value of any process. You can iden- tify processes by process ID (-p pid), process group(-g process-group), or user name (-u user). You can also use KDE System Guard toreniceprograms in a graphical environment. Check out Technique 41 for help using KDESystem Guard.
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