Use the cdcommand to move to the directorycontaining the RPM packages. 4.Type the following command and press Enter: # rpm -Uhv psacct-version.rpmOn SuSE, install the acctpackage with thecommand: #rpm -Uhv acct-version.rpm The installation process creates a new back- ground daemon. To start the psacctservice (or acct, if you rerunning SuSE), follow these steps: 1.Open a terminal window and give yourselfsuperuser privileges with the sucommand. 2.Start the service: If you re running Fedora, the command is# /sbin/service psacct startIf you re running Mandrake, use the command: # /sbin/service psacct startIf you re a SuSE user, start the service with thecommand: # /etc/init.d/acct startNow you re up and running. Linux keeps track ofresource usage in the /var/run/utmpand /var/log/ wtmpfiles. The wtmpfile can grow quickly. It s a good ideato clean it up every now and then. Looking up user login hoursOf all the information you can call up in a flash, sum- maries of user login hours are among the most use- ful. Use the accommand to find out how long (inhours) your users have been logged in. To generatea list of login hours, itemized by user, enter the fol- lowing command: $ ac -pThe result will look something like this: [freddie@bastille freddie]$ ac -pfreddie7.03duncan2.02franklin6.54root1.02total16.61To generate a list of total login hours on a dailybasis, use the -dflag: $ ac -dThe result is a daily list of connect-time hours: [freddie@bastille freddie]$ ac -dFeb 1total0.33Feb 2total12.54Todaytotal1.01One thing to note the daily total is for everyonelogged in. This is a quick way to find out total systemman hours if you need to answer to account- ing about department costs or want to requestmore resources in a budget meeting. The two flags we ve listed are probably the mostuseful, but other flags work with the accommandaswell. Check out the man page for more ideas man ac. Checking out command and program usageAnother useful command that comes courtesy ofsystem accounting is the sacommand. Use the sacommand to find out which programs are being usedon your system. To use the sacommand, first youneed to give yourself superuser privileges with thesu-command. Then to generate a report of com- mand usage, enter the following command: # sa The report shows the command usage for the sys- tem, as shown in Figure 21-5.26_
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Figure 21-4:The user quota report. Worthy of note are the grace columns. If a quota hasbeen exceeded, the amount of time left in the graceperiod is displayed. If the grace period has expired, noneappears in the column. Using System Accounting toKeep Track of UsersLinux gives you a number of command-line toolsthat can help you keep track of the resources usedby a given user (not just disk space, but CPU time, connect time, and memory usage as well). Afteryou ve installed the tools, with a few quick key- strokes you can determine which users spend themost time at their keyboards. Setting up system accountingTo install the psacctpackage on Fedora orMandrake, or the equivalent, accton SuSE, followthese steps: 1.Open a terminal window and give yourselfsuperuser privileges with the sucommand. 2.Insert and mount your distribution disc. Figure 21-3:The grace period file. Change the grace period if you want you canspecify a number of days, hours, minutes, or sec- onds. Be sure to give yourself a reasonable amountof time to clean things up (at least a day). Save thefile and close the editor when you re finished. Reviewing your quotasTo generate a complete listing of the quota defini- tions and the current system usage, type in thiscommand: # repquota -vugs /homerepquotagenerates a quota report listing the spaceused by all users (-u) and groups (-g) on the /homefile system. The -voption tells repquotato producea more detailed (or verbose) report that displaysquota definitions that are not currently in use. Bydefault, repquotadisplays quota information in termsof 1024-byte blocks; the -sflag tells repquotato printthe totals in more readable terms (megs instead ofblocks). The last argument in the command indicatesthe file system in this case, the /homefile system. To display quota information for all file systems, usethe -aflag instead (repquota -avugs). The listing shows user quotas first and then groupquotas, as shown in Figure 21-4.26_
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a temporary file that containsthe current quota settings for usernameand thenopens that file in the editor that you specified, asshown in Figure 21-2. Figure 21-2:The disk quota file. The quota file that you see contains one line for eachquota-enabled file system (the file system name is inthe first column). edquotalets you control disk usagein 1024-byte blocks. You can also control the totalnumber of files that a given user can create on a filesystem. (The quota tools all refer to inodequotas inode is essentially a synonym for file.) The numbers listed under blocks and inodes showdisk space (and file count) currently used by thegiven user. A Linux quota is defined by three values: Soft limit: This controls the maximum amount ofspace that you shoulduse. Hard limit:This controls the maximum amountof space that you canuse. Grace period: When you exceed the soft limit, Linux warns you and gives you a grace period. During the grace period, you can continue toaccumulate more disk space (up to the hardlimit). If, at the end of the grace period, you restill over the soft limit, the soft limit becomes ahard limit. For example, suppose your soft limit is 2GB, yourhard limit is 2.5GB, and the grace period is one week. As soon as your disk usage exceeds 2GB, Linux dis- plays a warning. You can exceed your soft limit forone week (but you can never go above 2.5GB). Afterthe grace period, you can t create any new files (orwrite more data to existing files) until you clean upenough stuff to fall back to the 2GB soft limit. Youcan exceed the soft limit (for a week), but you can texceed the hard limit. Deciding how many blocks or inodes a userneeds is a matter of system resources. Ifusersneed access only to e-mail, they obvi- ously need fewer files (and less disk space) than users doing development work. If youhave plenty of room, you can allocate largerpieces of the total pie. You can also assign quotas to a group of users. Toassign group quotas, follow these steps: 1.Give yourself superuser privileges with the su-command. 2.To edit the control files and define the groupquota, use the following command: # edquota -g groupnameThe -gindicates that the following name is thename of a group. 3.Edit the quotas as desired (following the samebasic rules we discuss earlier in this section), and then save the file and close the editor. Linux is far kinder than many people wouldbe. If you exceed a soft limit, your files are stillthere (Linux doesn t delete the extra data). You just don t get any more space until youtrim down a bit. To set the grace period, enter the following command: # edquota -tThe editor opens, displaying the current settingsforthe block and inode grace periods, as shown inFigure 21-3.26_
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it! The quota files are created, populated, andready to use. Remember that systems vary. The precedingsteps work great on our system (and shouldwork well on most simple configurations), butif you need more information about commandoptions that might suit your specific hardwareconfiguration, check out the official documen- tation. Just enter info quotacheckat thecommand line for fast access to the onlinedocumentation. Setting quotasAt this point, the quota tools have been installed, and the control files are in place (which we explainhow to do in preceding sections). Now it s time toimpose quotas. Here, we explain how to set quotasfor a user name or group and how to set the graceperiod for users who have met their quotas andneed to clean up their files. The default editor for quotais vi, a powerfulbut unfriendly editor. When you first set quo- tas, we recommend fixing up the quotaeditora bit. Our editor of choice is keditor kate. See the following steps to find out how. To set quotas for a user, follow these steps: 1.Open a terminal window and give yourselfsuperuser privileges with the su-command. 2.To change the default editor for quota, enterthe following command: # export EDITOR=$(which kedit) If you prefer another editor, just substitute itfor keditin the preceding command. 3.To edit the control files and define quotas, enter the following command: # edquota usernameNow, remount the file system that you modified toenable the new options. The easiest way to remountan active file system is to reboot. What s the quickest way to reboot fast? Justtype rebootat the command line and pressEnter. Getting your files togetherNow it s time to create the quota control files: aquota.userand aquota.group. These files recordthe quotas that you assign to each user (or group) on that file system as well as the amount of spacecurrently in use. You ll find the quota control files inthe root directory of each quota-enabled file system. When you create the control files, Linux computes thecurrent disk usage to create a starting point for you. To create the quota control files, follow these steps: 1.Open a terminal window and give yourselfsuperuser privileges with the su-command. 2.Type the following command and press Enter: # quotacheck -acugmThe flags in this command tell quotacheckto cre- ate (c) a new control file for users (u) and groups(g) in all currently mounted file systems (a). 3.Type the following command and press Enter: # quotacheck -avugmRunning the quotacheckcommand again withoutthe create (c) flag populates the control fileswith the current usage information. The currentusage reflects the blocks and files allocated tousers (u) and groups (g) on all quota-enabled filesystems (a) . By default, quotacheckwon t com- pute disk usage on mounted file systems. (Ifyou ve enabled quotas for the root file system[/], you can t unmount that drive.) The -mflagforces quotacheckto inspect file systems thatcan t be remounted in read-only mode.
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the diskquotatool to stop resource problemsbefore they start. Placing limits on the storage spaceor the number of files a user can have on a systemwill make your users more conscientious about notkeeping unneeded files around. If users exceed their allotted disk space, theyreceive a warning, and Linux starts a grace- period countdown. At the end of the graceperiod, these users are not allowed any addi- tional disk space until they clean up their act. Installing the quota RPM packageBefore you can create and allocate disk quotas, youmust install the quotaRPM package included withmost Linux distributions. To install quotaon yoursystem, follow these steps: 1.Open a terminal window and give yourselfsuperuser privileges with the sucommand. 2.Mount your distribution disc in the CD drive. 3.Use the cdcommand to move to the directorycontaining the quota RPM package. 4.Install the quotapackage with the followingcommand: # rpm -Uhv quota-version.rpmThat s all there is to it. The quotapackage isinstalled and ready to use. If you don t have the distribution disc, butneed the package, just Google for it. Downloads of the quotaRPM packageabound on the Web. Enabling file system quotasYou can create disk quotas for any file system onyour computer, but you have to change the mountoptions first. To enable quotas for a particular filesystem, follow these steps: 1.Open a terminal window and give yourselfsuperuser privileges with the su-command. Don t forget the hyphen when you type in thesu-command. The hyphen sets up yoursearch path ($PATH) so you can find the super- user s tools. 2.Open the /etc/fstabfile in your favorite editor(which in our case is kedit): # kedit /etc/fstabkeditopens, as shown in Figure 21-1. Figure 21-1:The /etc/fstabfile opened with kedit. 3.Find the file system that you want to modify. 4.Add the usrquotaand grpquotaoptions to thefourth column. Finding the correct column in a typical fstabfilecan be tricky. The first column contains the devicename, the second column specifies the mountpoint, the third column determines the file systemtype, and the fourth column contains a comma- separated list of options (typically, defaults): LABEL=/ / ext3 defaults,usrquota,grpquota 1 1The preceding code shows the changes neededto add quotas for the root file system. 5.Save your changes and close the editor.
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Save Time By Using disk quotas to keepresources in check Using system accountingto monitor user activity Watching programactivity with systemaccountingMaking Your InnerSystem AdministratorHappy (AndProductive) As system administrator, you want to be sure that system resourcesare available when needed. Doling out resources to users that needthem and keeping track of the overall system performance areimportant. Fortunately, tools exist that make it really quick and easy. Imposing disk quotas is a quick and easy way to control precious systemresources. Define user quotas to limit the amount of disk space each usercan consume so you re sure that those who need it can get it. Disk quotas are self-governing. After you ve set up the quota (and a graceperiod), Linux ensures that users can t use up all your disk space. If youneed to know whether you ve budgeted too little space for some users, aquick glance at the disk quota report tells you how well users are stayingwithin their quotas. The Linux system accounting package is a small collection of tools thatgive you quick access to information about how your system is beingused. You can quickly determine which users are spending the most timelogged in and what resources they re using. You can also spot programsthat shouldn t be used at all. In this technique, we show you how to control your system usage. You renot being a control freak you re just ensuring that your users havewhat they need to get their jobs done. Reining In Resources with Disk QuotasIf you re the administrator of a multiuser system, you ve probablyencountered disk hogs users who download every game or graphicthey can find, keep a copy of every e-mail they ve ever received, andkeep multiple copies of work in progress. Such users can cause majordisk clogs especially if your resources are limited. 21Technique26_
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PATHvariable holds the search path thatcronuses to locate your programs. Value: Enter the variable s value. Comment:Enter a description of the variable. Enable:Check this box to make the variableactive. If the box is not checked, the variabledoesn t take effect. 3.Click OK when you ve completed this dialog. Your new variable is added. Figure 20-4:The Edit Variable dialog. 4.When you re finished using Task Scheduler, click the Save icon to save your changes andthen close the window. Your newly scheduled programs will run withoutany help from you! If you use a proxy server to access the net, wgetcan use the http_proxyvariable tospeed up data transfers. Create the variablequickly with Task Scheduler, as shown inFigure 20-5. Figure 20-5:Setting the http_proxyvariable.
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hard to predict the environment in whichyour scheduled tasks will run. Use full path- names and define the environment variablesthat you need. That also makes you moreimmune to changes in the system configuration. If you re scheduling a complex task (one thatinvolves running multiple commands), writeyourself a shell script and schedule the scriptinstead of a complex command line. It s mucheasier to debug a script than a complex com- mand line that resides somewhere in the TaskScheduler s database. Technique 10 has somehandy information about creating shell scripts. Editing a taskIf you need to go back and edit a task, open the MainMenu and choose System Tools.Task Scheduler. InTask Scheduler, right-click the task (refer to Figure20-3) and choose Modify from the pop-up menu. When you re done, click Save so that the schedulerremembers the new settings. Adding environment variablesTask Scheduler works in its own environment, soyou need to add any environment variables thatyour task needs to run properly (such as $PATH). To add or edit a variable, follow these steps: 1.Choose System Tools.Task Scheduler, right- click Variables, and choose New from the pop- up menu. The Edit Variable dialog opens, as shown inFigure 20-4.2.To add a new variable, fill in the fields on thedialog: Variable: Enter the variable name, or choosefrom the most common variables in the drop- down list. If you don t define the HOME, MAILTO, andSHELLvariables, they default to your normalvalues. Change these variables if you want tooverride the defaults. Enabled: Check this box to make the taskactive. If the box isn t checked, the taskwon trun. Silent:Check this box to turn off the loggingfeatures. Months:Check the box next to each monththat you want the job to run. Days of Month, Days of Week, or Run EveryDay:You can choose when the task runs inone of three ways. Choose the days of themonth that the job executes, or choose thedays of the week that the job executes, orcheck the Run Every Day box to automaticallychoose all the months, days, and dates. Hours and Minutes: Choose the hours andminutes that the task should begin. Set up network-intensive jobs to execute atnight when network traffic is low. The jobs willrun faster, and you ll be saving the bandwidthfor when you really need it. 4.Click OK. The new job is added to the Tasks list, as shownin Figure 20-3. Figure 20-3:The new task is added to the list. 5.If you re done using Task Scheduler, click Save. Or if you haven t defined the environment vari- ables, see Adding environment variables, later in this technique, to do so.
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Task Scheduler will work, you need to startthe cronddaemon. To start crond, follow these steps: 1.Open a terminal window and give yourselfsuperuser privileges with the sucommand. 2.Type in the following command and pressEnter. If you re a Fedora or Mandrake user, use thiscommand: # /sbin/service crond startSuSE users should use this command: # /etc/init.d/cron startScheduling a new taskAfter you ve started the cronddaemon, you re readyto set up automated tasks: 1.To start Task Scheduler, open the Main Menuand choose System Tools.Task Scheduler. The Task Scheduler window opens, showing asummary of the scheduled tasks and their envi- ronment variables (see Figure 20-1). Figure 20-1:The Task Scheduler window. If you re logged in as root, you see everyone sscheduled tasks. If not, you re privileged to seeyour own tasks only. 2.To add a new task, right-click the Tasks folderand choose New. The Edit Task window opens (see Figure 20-2). Figure 20-2:The Edit Task window. 3.To create a new task, fill in the following fields: Comment:Enter a descriptive name. Program: Enter the command you want to run. It s a good idea to use the complete pathnamefor a command, not just the command name. That way, changes to your environment (your$PATHvariable in particular) won t affect sched- uledtasks. For example, enter /usr/bin/wget-r –mirror -k http://www.website.comtoupdate a Web site nightly. If you don t know thecomplete pathname, use the Browse button tofind your program. Most of the commands arein /bin, /usr/binor /usr/local/bin.
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Save Time By Setting up automatictasks with Task Scheduler Editing existing tasks Creating an environmentfor your automated tasksSetting UpAutomatic ServicesAdministrative tasks such as backing up, updating data files, andupdating Web site mirrors are easy to automate. You can savetons of time by creating automatic tasks that do your job withoutany help from you. To help you automate these tasks, you have twohandy tools at your disposal: Task Scheduler and the ServicesConfiguration Tool. Task Scheduler is a graphical interface that schedules programs to runautomatically with the program cron. Setting up jobs to run when net- work demands are low can save time (and user frustration from thebogged-down network). Task Scheduler has a nice interface and offers aquick way to set up cronjobs. In this technique, we ll show you how to automate your work with TaskScheduler. Letting Task Scheduler Work for YouTask Scheduler is a graphical interface for cron(the Linux schedulingtool). With Task Scheduler, you can set up recurrent downloads, backups, or other system maintenance jobs to run at night (or when your networkload is the lightest). Task Scheduler is part of the kdeadminpackage (if you re using KDE, makesure you ve installed the kdeadminpackage or you won t find TaskScheduler in the KDE Menu). The Mandrake 10.0 Community Edition dis- tribution does not include the kdeadminpackage (although later editionsmay) if you can t find kdeadminin your distribution, you ll have todownload and install it from the Web. GNOME doesn t have an official task scheduler yet, but if you Google forGNOMEand Task Scheduler, you should find a few options. 20Technique25_
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