a lot of options that combine to make it aversatile download tool. You can use it in the follow- ing ways: For recursive Web site downloads For updating Web site mirrors As a spider to verify links For executing scheduled downloads As a persistent agent to download large fileswgetworks quietly in the background with nofurther input from you. You can schedule wget(with Task Scheduler) to start downloads whennetwork use is at its lowest so that you don tinterfere with other users. For more informa- tion about scheduling tasks with TaskScheduler, check out Technique 20. Mirroring sites with wgetYou might wonder why anyone would mirror a Website. Many generous people who support the opensource movement help provide the world with extrainformation and closer, quicker downloads by set- ting up servers and creating sites that mirror anddistribute open source software and information. You can also use site mirrors for quicker access tosites that you use often. Not only do you havequicker access to the site, but you can also take itwith you anywhere you go even without a Webconnection. Download an entire Web site recursively with the following command: $ wget -r -k http://www.website.comThe -rin this command stands for recursive(mean- ing that wgetcopies the directory you name and allthe files and subdirectories underneath it) bydefault, wgetcopies five levels of subdirectories toyour local system. The -k(or –convert-linksif youwant to type it out) redirects the links on those fivelevels to refer back to your local system. If you leaveTo run Liquid Weather, click Open on the SuperKarambamenu page. Browse to ~/Desktop/themes/liquid_ weather_plusand choose liquid_weather.themefrom the files listed. Double-click the icon to open aweather report on your desktop (see the following figure). To customize Liquid Weather, right-click on the weatherscreen and choose Configure Theme.Enter Your Location sCode. Enter your zip code (or weather code if you re inBritain) and choose OK, and the weather forecast isupdated to your region. Versatile Downloading with wgetwgetuses the HTTP, HTTPS, and FTP protocols fromthe command line to retrieve files or Web sites. wgetis handy if you have a slow or undependable Internetconnection. If a connection drops partway through adownload, wgetkeeps trying. If the server allows it, wgetwill continue the download where it left off.
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Enter the following command: $ ./configure –prefix=$(kde-config -prefix) configuredetermines the correct set of toolsand compiler options to customize the softwarefor your computer. The –prefix=$(kde-config -prefix)por- tion of the command is unique to KDE. Useconfigure –helpto get more configurationoptions for KDE and non-KDE programs. If configurecomplains about any problems, nowis the time to correct them. configuredoesremarkably well at describing the cause of anyproblem it encounters. If you see an error mes- sage that just doesn t seem to make sense, typethe text of the message in to Google and you relikely to find a solution waiting for you some- where out there on the Web. 10.Enter this command: $ makemakeruns the compiler for you. The compiler istranslating the source code into a program onebit at a time. The makeprogram coordinates thebuild think of it as the job site foreman. 11.Give yourself superuser privileges: $ suEnter the superuser password when prompted. 12.Enter this command: # make installmake installruns the install script for the pack- age. Depending on the package you re installing, the install script includes activities like copyingdocumentation into place, setting up useraccounts, and so on. 13.Turn in your superuser privileges with the exitcommand. After SuperKaramba is installed, you can use it todecorate your desktop. See the sidebar, Installing aSuperKaramba theme for details. Installing a SuperKaramba themeAfter you install SuperKaramba, we suggest grabbing atheme or two to see how easy this program makes chang- ing your desktop. SuperKaramba themes are different fromother desktop themes. They re active desktop decorations little accessories for your desktop that actually function. One desktop applet that we really like is Liquid Weather . You could go to KDE-look.organd spend hours lookingthrough the pages of Karamba themes do that later. Tofind Liquid Weather quickly, go to www.google.comandsearch for Liquid Weather Karamba, and follow the link. To download and unpack Liquid Weather , follow thesesteps: 1.Open your favorite browser and surf to thedownload site for Liquid Weather . 2.Click the download link and save the tarball toyour desktop. Notice that this tarball is different; it ends with the.bz2file extension. Different flavors of tarballs exist gzips and bzips. Gzips and bzips are basically thesame, but bzips generally offer better compressionand download speed. You can unzip either kindwithLinux. 3.Open your terminal window and move to theDesktopdirectory. $ cd Desktop4.Create a themesdirectory with this command: $ mkdir themes5.Move to the themesdirectory: $ cd themes6.Unpack the tarball with this command: $ tar -jxvf ../tarball This extracts the tarball into the themesdirectory. To start SuperKaramba, open the Main Menu and chooseRun Command. Enter superkarambain the Commandfield and click Run. The SuperKaramba window opens, asshown in the following figure.
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problem you can deal with tarballs. First, wegive you the basic steps and then we explain how touse those steps for SuperKaramba. Compiling a tarball: The basic stepsThe basic steps don t vary much for most softwareyou find on the Web: 1.Download the tarball. 2.Unpack the tarball (see Technique 13 for moreinformation). 3.Use configureto determine the softwareneeds. 4.Use the makecommand to run the compiler. 5.Run make installto run the install script forthe package. If there are any variations in the procedure or anysoftware prerequisites, the download page shouldinclude instructions specific to the package. Downloading and compiling SuperKarambaSuperKaramba is a tool that builds custom desktopfeatures. In this section, we present the basic stepsfor downloading and compiling SuperKaramba as afun and useful example of how you apply the basicsteps to an actual program. With SuperKaramba, anyone (not just the propeller-heads) can create desktop acces- sories fast. Use SuperKaramba to display infor- mation you ve read over the Internet, createcustom toolbars, or create virtual pets (Chia- Penguins perhaps?). You can download somepretty cool, ready-to-run SuperKarambaresources, too! If you re running SuSE, you re in luck SuperKaramba is already included with theKDE desktop in a standard installation. Ifyou re running SuSE, just open the mainmenu and choose System.Desktop Applet. karamba. If you re running Mandrake, you ll findSuperKaramba is included with the standarddistribution, but you need to install it. Youmay want to download and compile your ownversion anyway, to check out the most recentfeatures as they develop. To build SuperKaramba, follow these steps: 1.Open your browser and surf tonetdragon.sourceforge.net2.Click the Download SuperKaramba link at thebottom of the page. 3.Scroll down to the Official Releases and clickthe link for SuperKaramba source code. Why use a tarball when an RPM package isavailable? Well, if the RPM package that youfind isn t from an official source, the integrityof the software may be questionable. Although it is possible for someone to intro- duce a Trojan horse into source code (just likea prebuilt version), it doesn t happen often. RPM packages are platform specific, and theplatform you need may not be available. 4.Click the link for the most recent release: $ superkaramba-0.33.tar.gz5.The download page instructs you to choose amirror site near you. Click the link for the site nearest you and then save the file to yourdesktop. 6.Open a terminal window and move to yourDesktopdirectory: $ cd ~/Desktop7.Unpack the tarball with the following command: $ tar -zxvf superkaramba-0.33.tar.gz8.Move into the superkaramba-0.33directory: $ cd superkaramba-0.3318_
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14TechniqueDownloading andUploading Files in a SnapThe Internet is pervasive. Few days go by when we aren t research- ing somethingon the Web. When you use the Internet, you re con- stantly moving data. Using the right tools to upload and downloadfiles can make a huge difference in the time it takes you to get the jobdone. In this technique, we walk you through downloading and compiling asoftware tarball. You can find tarballs all over the Web, with great, time- saving software just waiting to be downloaded. The example we showyou is for another timesaver SuperKaramba that just happens to befun, too. When it comes to moving data around, don t overlook the command line. Using wgetto create mirrors of Web sites you visit frequently is a greatway to save time you don t have to wait for page downloads, and youcan take the entire site with you when you travel. You can even schedulewgetto perform mirror updates at night, when the network traffic is low. Now that s a timesaver. wgetalso has a few other tricks up its sleeve for downloading. It can playspider, cruising the Web sites in your bookmarks or links files checking tosee if all the links still work. wgetdoesn t give up on downloads if a con- nection drops. It s a persistent agent and will try again to complete adownload. We also show you how to use curlto manage file uploads. Unlike ftp, curlmanages uploads with just one entry at the command line. You canschedule your uploads, just like your downloads, to happen without yourhelp. Building Software from Downloaded tarballsFree software packages are all over the Web. Many packages are availablein RPM format, but some of the really good stuff only comes wrapped upin a tarball that you have to compile yourself. Save Time By Building software fromdownloaded tarballs Mirroring Web sites withwget Verifying your bookmarkswith a wgetspider Setting $http_proxytoincrease download speed Using curl for unmanneduploads
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Big Files intoManageable ChunksWhile you re working across the Web or across a net- work, the inevitable happens: You lose the networkconnection mid-upload. You have to go all the wayback to the beginning and start the transfer over. ISPs are known to place limits on the size of incom- ing files. E-mails with oversized attachments arereturned undelivered and unseen by the recipients. How can you get around that? To transfer a large file to a user with limited access(or over a questionable connection), use the splitcommand. splitdoesn t actually speed up the trans- fer, but it does speed up the recovery if a connectiondrops. splitbreaks a file (any file archives, pictures, data . . . you name it) into segments that you canreassemble on the other end. To reassemble the split file accurately,all thepieces must be included. split can t tell ifthey re all there or not it just re-assembleswhat it has. If great-aunt Gertrude s nose looksa bit off, you may have lost a segment. Use the following command to break a file into 1-megabyte segments for transfer: $ split –bytes=1m filetosplit segmentprefixsplitappends the segmentprefixwith a unique suf- fix. When it s finished, you still have the original file, but you also have a set of 1 megabyte segments. Ifyou started with a 2.5 megabyte file, you end up withthree segments: The first two contain 1 megabyteeach, and the third file contains the leftovers. It s a good idea to calculate an MD5 checksum on the original file to compare it to the reassembledresult. Save the number generated by the followingcommand you ll need it later: $ md5sum filetosplitmd5stands for message digest #5. It s a cryp- tographic program that s good at detectingdifferences between files. It s kind of like a fin- gerprint for a file. Send the checksum with the attachments orsave them to compare to the checksum of thereassembled file. If the checksums match, youcan be sure that the entire file was receivedand reassembled. It s easy to move all the segments securely with onescpcommand: $ scp segmentprefix.* user@host:directoryTo rebuild the file after the upload, use sshto log in to the remote machine, and use cdto move to the directory containing the segments. To reassemblethe segments, enter this command: $ cat segmentprefix.* > filenamecatrebuilds the file into its original structure. After the file is rebuilt, run a new MD5 checksum andcompare it to the fingerprint of the original file. Thetwo fingerprints should be identical. $ md5sum originalfilenameIf you ve sent the splitfile to a friend running Windows, the typecommand willconcatenate splitfiles on Windows.
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If you carry your work to and from the office on alaptop, use the scpto copy files from your laptopto your home computer (and back again). You can also use the scp -rcommand to quicklymove a user from one machine to another. If you re upgrading to a new system, scp -ris aneasy way to quickly transfer your work with nodisruptions. scpwas designed to copy files from one com- puter to another. You can also use scpto copya file from one place to another withinyourcomputer, just like you would use cp. We findscpto be much more intuitive when it comesto copying directory trees. To move a directory tree with scp, open your termi- nal window and enter this command: $ scp -r user@host:source user@host: destinationThat s all there is to it. The -rflag tells scpto copysourceand everything underneath it. Table 13-2 highlights two options worthy of mention. TABLE13-2: WORTHWHILESCPOPTIONSOptionWhat It Does-CCompresses the data stream for faster transfers. -l limitThrottles file transfers to no more thanlimitK bits per second. (Use this option ifyou re sharing a network connection and youdon t want to hog all the bandwidth). Getting familiar with scp(and its secure shellcousin, ssh) is definitely worth the time. scpisa fast, secure, and easy way to move files andarchives from one location to another. scpandsshshare many command-line optionsbecause scpis built from ssh. For more infor- mation about ssh, see Technique 33. Archiving complex search resultsUse the pipe character ( |) to combine programslike findand rpmwith the tarcommand to createarchives that contain the results of complexsearches. Using tarwith findcan seem complex, but it is veryuseful. One example of a combined command is asfollows: $ find / -user freddie | tar -zcvf fredfiles -T - This command finds all the files owned by the userFreddie and sends the output (the list of filenames) to the tarcommand. The -T -portion of the com- mand instructs tarto read the list of filenames fromits standard input (which, in this case, is the outputof the findcommand) rather than from the com- mand line. For more in-depth information about using the findcommand, see Technique 12. Backing up an installed packageUse tarwith rpmto create a backup of an installedpackage. To back up an installed copy of the webminpackage, use this command: $ rpm -ql webmin | tar -cvf webminbackup -T - For more information about using rpmqueries, see Technique 16. Uprooting Entire DirectoryTreeswith scpSometimes, you need to move more than a single file you need to move an entire directory tree (a directory and all the files and subdirectoriesunderneath it). When that s the case, use scpto getthe job done quickly and easily. For example:
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Check the Re-create Folders box to restore thefolder structure. We ve never encountered a case where we didn twant to re-create folders. If you don tselect the Re-create Folders check box, all the subdirectories and their contents end up in your current directory. Cleaning up theunpacked pile of structureless files wastes time. 5.Check the Overwrite Existing Files box toreplace any file with a duplicate name in yourfolder. 6.Check the Do Not Extract Older Files box topreserve the most recent copy of the file. If the copy on your computer is more currentthan the archived copy, the older file is notextracted. This option works only if theOverwrite Existing Files option is checked. 7.Check the View Destination Folder AfterExtraction box to open a file manager windowwith your newly unpacked archive. 8.When you re ready, click OK to unpack thefile(s). If the destination folder doesn t already exist, File Roller asks if you want to create it. Inspect suspicious-looking files that areincluded in a tarball before unpacking it. To doso, right-click the filename and choose ViewFile from the drop-down menu to display thefile s contents. If the file looks questionable, don t open it! Adding Functionality to tar with Complex CommandsThe File Roller enables you to quickly and easilybuild or unpack archives, but sometimes using thecommand line with the tarcommand is the way togo. The following sections explain how combiningthe tarcommand with other functions can give youextra power when you need it. Building archives from the command lineYou can build simple archives (containing one file ormany) with the tarcommand. Here is a basic tarcommand to create a gzip-compressed archive: $ tar -zcvf archivename filestoarchiveIf you want to archive multiple files, just list them atthe end of the command line (separate the nameswith a space character). Compressing an archive increases the time ittakes to create the archive. If you don t needto transfer the file over the Web or if the datais already compressed (such as RPMs), skip the-zor -joptions when you create the archive. tarhas a lot of powerful options, the most useful ofwhich are listed in Table 13-1. TABLE13-1: USEFULTAROPTIONSOptionWhat It Does-zCompress to (or uncompress from) gzip form. -jCompress to (or uncompress from) bzip2 form. -cCreate an archive. -xExtract from an archive. -tDisplay a list of the files in the archive. -vVerbose tell me what you re doing. -f fileWrite to (or read from) the archive file. Enter man tarat the command line for a completelisting of taroptions and flags. The GNU man pages are handy, but they canbe a bit overwhelming at times. Take a deepbreath and remember that you can close thepage at any time by entering q.
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you open an archive, you can extract a file(or files) from it by following these steps: 1.Highlight the file(s) in the list and click Extract. The Extract dialog opens, as shown in Figure 13-4. Figure 13-4:The Extract dialog. 2.In the Destination Folder field, type the nameof the folder where you want to save theextracted files, or from the Bookmarks list, choose a bookmark to use for the destination. Add often-used directories such as ~/tmp to the Bookmarks list. Later, when you needone of these directories, just double-click thedirectory to select it as the destination folder. 3.If you highlighted more than one file beforeyou clicked Extract in Step 1, choose from thefollowing options in the Files area: All Files: Unpack the entire archive. Selected Files: Extract the files highlighted onthe previous screen (hold down Shift to selectmultiple files). Files: Specify files by name, or groups byusing wildcards (such as *.pngor *.txt). You can include a tarball in an archive, but itwon t get any smaller. One serving of com- pression per file, please. 7.When you re finished adding files to thearchive, close the File Roller window. The archive is waiting for you in the directoryyou created it in, which is usually your homedirectory. Just attach the archive to your e-mailand send it off. Use File Roller to create archives to send viaSSH or FTP. Multiple files are easier to managewhen they re bundled, and compressing thedata makes it travel faster. Inspecting and ExtractingArchives with File RollerFile Roller makes it easy to inspect and extract filesfrom archives. With just a few quick clicks, you cansee the contents of the files included in an archive orextract the portion of the archive you need. The File Roller is especially handy if you sharedata via e-mail. Use File Roller to check outthe archive s contents before you take thetime to unpack it. To open an archive with File Roller, follow these steps: 1.Open the Main Menu and choose RunCommand. 2.Enter file-rollerin the Command field andclick Run. 3.Click Open on the toolbar to open the filechooser. 4.Use the file chooser to locate the archive youwant to open. Highlight the archive name andclick OK. The contents of the archive appear in the FileRoller window.
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you re running the GNOME desktop, FileRoller is probably installed automatically. Ifyou need to add File Roller, you ll find it (inmost Linux distributions) in an RPM pack- agecalled file-roller-version.rpm. SeeTechnique 17 for help installing RPM packages. GNOME s File Roller is the easy way to browse andchoose the files to include in an archive. To make atarball using File Roller, follow these steps: 1.Open the Main Menu and choose RunCommand. The Run Command dialog, shown in Figure 13-1, opens. Figure 13-1:The Run Command dialog. KDE and GNOME auto-launch File Roller ifyou ve configured your MIME database. (SeeTechnique 3 for more information on MIME.) 2.Enter file-rollerin the Command field andclick Run. The File Roller window opens ready to build atarball (see Figure 13-2). 3.Click New on the toolbar to open the NewArchive file chooser (see Figure 13-3). 4.In the Archive Type drop-down list, select thetype you want to create. In this case, choose the Tar Compressed withgzip option. 5.Enter your tarball name in the Selection fieldand click OK. Now it s time to add files to your archive. 6.Click Add (on the toolbar) to open the filechooser window. Use the file chooser to browsedirectories for the files that you want toinclude and then add them to the tarball. Double-click a selection to add it to the archive. To add additional files to an archive, click Add onthe toolbar, and double-click the next file to beincluded. Figure 13-2:The File Roller window. Figure 13-3:The New Archive file chooser.
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13Save Time By Creating and extractingarchives with File Roller Sending compressede-mail attachments Using tarat the com- mand line with findandrpmto build complexarchives Uprooting entire directorytrees with scp Splitting large files foreasy uploadingTechniqueMoving Made Easywith ArchivesArchiving data makes it easy to move multiple files with the sameeffort that it takes to move a single file. An archive is a file thatcontains other files. You can build an archive out of just about any- thing: text files, programs, pictures, audio files, and even other archives. Archives are easy to build, and you can compress an archive to helpspeed up data transfers. For example, a tarballis nothing more than anarchive built with the tarcommand. Using good tools to create archives saves time. In this technique, weintroduce you to File Roller, a handy feature that s included with GNOME. With File Roller, you can not only create an archive, but also inspect anarchive s contents before unpacking it. You can save time by choosingjust the portions of archives that you need to unpack. The tarcommand creates archives at the command line and works wellwith the RPM query commands and the findcommand. We show youhow to use tarin powerful combinations to build complex, customarchives. The splitcommand can split large files or archives into bite-sized piecesfor transferring. If a connection drops midtransfer, you can resend onlythe portion of the file that didn t make it. We also show you how to usechecksums to make sure that your entire file got to its destination. Every day is moving day on a computer, and doing a good job packingmakes moving easier. Good labels on neat packages make it easier to findthings when you need to unpack them again. In this technique, we showyou tools and tricks that make moving easier. Creating Archives with File RollerYou can e-mail multiple files just as easily as a single file when you bun- dle the files together in an archive. Creating compressed archives fore-mail attachments saves time and bandwidth for both the sender andthe receiver.
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