770 Graphical User Interface Components: Part 2 Chapter 13 ible GUI component that can be used between fixed-size GUI components to occupy additional space. Normally, extra space appears to the right of the last horizontal GUI component or below the last vertical GUI component in a BoxLayout. Glue allows the extra space to be placed between GUI components. Class Box also defines method createVerticalGlue for vertical BoxLayouts. The for structure at lines 47 51 adds three JButtons to boxes[3] (a vertical Box). Before adding each button, lines 48 49 add a rigid area to the container with static method createRigidArea of class Box. A rigid area is an invisible GUI component that always has a fixed pixel width and height. The argument to method createRigidAreais a Dimension object that specifies the width and height of the rigid area. Lines 54 56 create a JPanel object and set its layout in the conventional manner, using Container method setLayout. The BoxLayout constructor receives a reference to the container for which it controls the layout and a constant indicating whether the layout is horizontal (BoxLayout.X_AXIS) or vertical (BoxLayout.Y_AXIS). The for structure at lines 58 61 adds three JButtons to panel.Before adding each button, line 59 adds a glue component to the container with static method create- Glue of class Box. This component expands or contracts based on the size of the Box. The Box containers and the JPanel are attached to the content pane s Border- Layout at lines 64 68. Try executing the application. When the window appears, resize the window to see how the glue components, strut components and rigid area affect the layout in each container. 13.14 CardLayout Layout Manager The CardLayout layout manager arranges components into a deck of cards where only the top card is visible. Any card in the deck can be placed at the top of the deck at any time by using methods of class CardLayout. Each card is usually a container, such as a panel, and each card can use any layout manager. Class CardLayout inherits from Object and implements the LayoutManager2 interface. The program of Fig. 13.16 creates five panels. JPaneldeck uses the CardLayout layout manager to control the card that is displayed. JPanels card1, card2 and card3 are the individual cards in deck. JPanel buttons contains four buttons (with labels First card, Next card, Previous card and Last card) that enable the user to manipulate the deck. When the user clicks the First card button, the first card in deck (i.e., card1) is displayed. When the user clicks the Last card button, the last card (i.e., card3) in deck is displayed. Each time the user clicks the Previous card button, the previous card in deck is displayed. Each time the user clicks the Next card button, the next card in deck is displayed. Clicking the Previous card button or the Next card button repeatedly allows the user to cycle through the deck of cards. Application class CardDeck implements ActionListener, so the action events generated by the JButtons on JPanel buttons are handled by the application in its actionPerformed method. Class CardDeck declares a reference of type CardLayout called cardManager (line 13). This reference is used to invoke CardLayout methods that manipulate the cards in the deck.
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Chapter 13 Graphical User Interface Components: Part 2 769 Fig. 13.15 Demonstrating the BoxLayoutlayout manager (part 3 of 3). The forstructure at lines 31 32 adds three JButtons to boxes[0](a horizontal Box). The forstructure at lines 35 38 adds three JButtons to boxes[1](a vertical Box). Before adding each button, line 36 adds a vertical strut to the container with staticmethod createVerticalStrutof class Box. A vertical strut is an invisible GUI component that has a fixed pixel height and is used to guarantee a fixed amount of space between GUI components. The argument to method createVerticalStrut determines the height of the strut in pixels. Class Boxalso defines method createHorizontalStrutfor horizontal BoxLayouts. The forstructure at lines 41 44 adds three JButtons to boxes[2](a horizontal Box). Before adding each button, line 42 adds horizontal glue to the container with staticmethod createHorizontalGlueof class Box. Horizontal glue is an invis
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768 Graphical User Interface Components: Part 2 Chapter 13 33 34 // create strut and add buttons to boxes[ 1 ] 35 for ( int count = 0; count < SIZE; count++ ) { 36 boxes[ 1 ].add( Box.createVerticalStrut( 25 ) ); 37 boxes[ 1 ].add( new JButton( "boxes[1]: " + count ) ); 38 } 39 40 // create horizontal glue and add buttons to boxes[ 2 ] 41 for ( int count = 0; count < SIZE; count++ ) { 42 boxes[ 2 ].add( Box.createHorizontalGlue() ); 43 boxes[ 2 ].add( new JButton( "boxes[2]: " + count ) ); 44 } 45 46 // create rigid area and add buttons to boxes[ 3 ] 47 for ( int count = 0; count < SIZE; count++ ) { 48 boxes[ 3 ].add( 49 Box.createRigidArea( new Dimension( 12, 8 ) ) ); 50 boxes[ 3 ].add( new JButton( "boxes[3]: " + count ) ); 51 } 52 53 // create vertical glue and add buttons to panel 54 JPanel panel = new JPanel(); 55 panel.setLayout( 56 new BoxLayout( panel, BoxLayout.Y_AXIS ) ); 57 58 for ( int count = 0; count < SIZE; count++ ) { 59 panel.add( Box.createGlue() ); 60 panel.add( new JButton( "panel: " + count ) ); 61 } 62 63 // place panels on frame 64 container.add( boxes[ 0 ], BorderLayout.NORTH ); 65 container.add( boxes[ 1 ], BorderLayout.EAST ); 66 container.add( boxes[ 2 ], BorderLayout.SOUTH ); 67 container.add( boxes[ 3 ], BorderLayout.WEST ); 68 container.add( panel, BorderLayout.CENTER ); 69 70 setSize( 350, 300 ); 71 setVisible( true ); 72 73 } // end constructor 74 75 // execute application 76 public static void main( String args[] ) 77 { 78 BoxLayoutDemo application = new BoxLayoutDemo(); 79 80 application.setDefaultCloseOperation( 81 JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE ); 82 } 83 84 } // end class BoxLayoutDemo Fig. 13.15 Demonstrating the BoxLayoutlayout manager (part 2 of 3).
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Chapter 13 Graphical User Interface Components: Part 2 767 13.13 BoxLayoutLayout Manager The BoxLayoutlayout manager arranges GUI components horizontally along the x-axis or vertically along the y-axis of a container. The program of Fig. 13.15 demonstrates Box- Layoutand the container class Boxthat uses BoxLayoutas its default layout manager. In the constructor for class BoxLayoutDemo, lines 19 20 obtain a reference to the content pane and set its layout to a BorderLayout with 30 pixels of horizontal and 30 pixels of vertical gap space between components. The space is to help isolate each of the containers with BoxLayoutin this example. Lines 23 28 define an array of Box container references called boxes and initialize each element of the array with Box objects. Elements 0 and 2 of the array are initialized with staticmethod createHorizontalBoxof class Box, which returns a Boxcontainer with a horizontal BoxLayout (GUI components are arranged left-to-right). Elements 1 and 3 of the array are initialized with static method createVerticalBox of class Box, which returns a Boxcontainer with a vertical BoxLayout(GUI components are arranged top-to-bottom). 1 // Fig. 13.15: BoxLayoutDemo.java 2 // Demonstrating BoxLayout. 3 4 // Java core packages 5 import java.awt.*; 6 import java.awt.event.*; 7 8 // Java extension packages 9 import javax.swing.*; 10 11 public class BoxLayoutDemo extends JFrame { 12 13 // set up GUI 14 public BoxLayoutDemo() 15 { 16 super( “Demostrating BoxLayout” ); 17 final int SIZE = 3; 18 19 Container container = getContentPane(); 20 container.setLayout( new BorderLayout( 30, 30 ) ); 21 22 // create Box containers with BoxLayout 23 Box boxes[] = new Box[ 4 ]; 24 25 boxes[ 0 ] = Box.createHorizontalBox(); 26 boxes[ 1 ] = Box.createVerticalBox(); 27 boxes[ 2 ] = Box.createHorizontalBox(); 28 boxes[ 3 ] = Box.createVerticalBox(); 29 30 // add buttons to boxes[ 0 ] 31 for ( int count = 0; count < SIZE; count++ ) 32 boxes[ 0 ].add( new JButton( "boxes[0]: " + count ) ); Fig. 13.15 Demonstrating the BoxLayoutlayout manager (part 1 of 3).
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766 Graphical User Interface Components: Part 2 Chapter 13 Line 30 creates JDesktopPane (package javax.swing) reference the- Desktop and assigns it a new JDesktopPane object. The JDesktopPane object manages the JInternalFramechild windows displayed in the JDesktopPane. Line 31 adds the JDesktopPaneto the application window s content pane. Lines 34 61 register an instance of an anonymous inner class that implements ActionListenerto handle the event when the user selects the newFramemenu item. When the event occurs, method actionPerformed (lines 40 57) creates a JInternalFrame object with lines 43 44. The JInternalFrame constructor used here requires five arguments a String for the title bar of the internal window, a boolean indicating whether the internal frame should be resizable by the user, a boolean indicating whether the internal frame should be closable by the user, a boolean indicating whether the internal frame should be maximizable by the user and a booleanindicating whether the internal frame should be minimizable by the user. For each of the boolean arguments, a truevalue indicates that the operation should be allowed. As with JFrames and JApplets, a JInternalFramehas a content pane to which GUI components can be attached. Line 47 gets a reference to the JInternalFrame s content pane. Line 48 creates an instance of our class MyJPanel(defined at lines 80 106) that is added to the JInternalFrame s content pane at line 49. Line 52 uses JInternalFrame method packto set the size of the child window. Method packuses the preferred sizes of the components on the content pane to determine the window s size. Class MyJPanel defines method getPreferredSize to specify the panel s preferred size. Line 55 adds the JInternalFrameto the JDesktopPane, and line 56 displays the JInternalFrame. Classes JInternalFrame and JDesktopPane provide many methods for managing child windows. See the on-line API documentation for a complete list of these methods. 13.12 Layout Managers In the preceding chapter, we introduced three layout managers FlowLayout, Border- Layoutand GridLayout. This section presents three additional layout managers (summarized in Figure 13.14). We discuss these layout managers in the sections that follow. Layout Manager Description BoxLayout A layout manager that allows GUI components to be arranged left-to-right or top-to-bottom in a container. Class Boxdefines a container with Box- Layoutas its default layout manager and provides static methods to create a Boxwith a horizontal or vertical BoxLayout. CardLayout A layout manager that stacks components like a deck of cards. If a component in the deck is a container, it can use any layout manager. Only the component at the top of the deck is visible. GridBagLayout A layout manager similar to GridLayout. Unlike GridLayout, each component size can vary and components can be added in any order. Fig. 13.14 Additional layout managers.
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Chapter 13 Graphical User Interface Components: Part 2 765 Internal Frames Minimize Maximize Close Minimized internal frame Position the mouse over any corner of a child window to resize the window (if resizing is allowed). Maximized internal frame Fig. 13.13 Fig. 13.13 Creating a multiple document interface (part 3 of 3).
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764 Graphical User Interface Components: Part 2 Chapter 13 54 // attach internal frame to desktop and show it 55 theDesktop.add( frame ); 56 frame.setVisible( true ); 57 } 58 59 } // end anonymous inner class 60 61 ); // end call to addActionListener 62 63 setSize( 600, 440 ); 64 setVisible( true ); 65 66 } // end constructor 67 68 // execute application 69 public static void main( String args[] ) 70 { 71 DesktopTest application = new DesktopTest(); 72 73 application.setDefaultCloseOperation( 74 JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE ); 75 } 76 77 } // end class DesktopTest 78 79 // class to display an ImageIcon on a panel 80 class MyJPanel extends JPanel { 81 private ImageIcon imageIcon; 82 83 // load image 84 public MyJPanel() 85 { 86 imageIcon = new ImageIcon( “jhtp4.png” ); 87 } 88 89 // display imageIcon on panel 90 public void paintComponent( Graphics g ) 91 { 92 // call superclass paintComponent method 93 super.paintComponent( g ); 94 95 // display icon 96 imageIcon.paintIcon( this, g, 0, 0 ); 97 } 98 99 // return image dimensions 100 public Dimension getPreferredSize() 101 { 102 return new Dimension( imageIcon.getIconWidth(), 103 imageIcon.getIconHeight() ); 104 } 105 106 } // end class MyJPanel Fig. 13.13 Fig. 13.13 Creating a multiple document interface (part 2 of 3).
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Chapter 13 Graphical User Interface Components: Part 2 763 // Fig. 13.13: DesktopTest.java // Demonstrating JDesktopPane. // Java core packages import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; // Java extension packages import javax.swing.*; public class DesktopTest extends JFrame { private JDesktopPane theDesktop; // set up GUI public DesktopTest() { super( “Using a JDesktopPane” ); // create menu bar, menu and menu item JMenuBar bar = new JMenuBar(); JMenu addMenu = new JMenu( “Add” ); JMenuItem newFrame = new JMenuItem( “Internal Frame” ); addMenu.add( newFrame ); bar.add( addMenu ); setJMenuBar( bar ); // set up desktop theDesktop = new JDesktopPane(); getContentPane().add( theDesktop ); // set up listener for newFrame menu item newFrame.addActionListener( // anonymous inner class to handle menu item event new ActionListener() { // display new internal window public void actionPerformed( ActionEvent event ) { // create internal frame JInternalFrame frame = new JInternalFrame( “Internal Frame”, true, true, true, true ); // attach panel to internal frame content pane Container container = frame.getContentPane(); MyJPanel panel = new MyJPanel(); container.add( panel, BorderLayout.CENTER ); // set size internal frame to size of its contents frame.pack(); Fig. 13.13 Fig. 13.13 Creating a multiple document interface (part 1 of 3).
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762 Graphical User Interface Components: Part 2 Chapter 13 Class UIManager (package javax.swing) contains publicstatic inner class LookAndFeelInfo that is used to maintain information about a look-and-feel. Line 14 declares an array of type UIManager.LookAndFeelInfo (notice the syntax used to access the inner class LookAndFeelInfo). Line 71 uses static method getInstalledLookAndFeels of class UIManager to get the array of UIManager.LookAndFeelInfo objects that describe the installed look-and-feels. Performance Tip 13.1 Each look-and-feel is represented by a Java class. UIManager method getInstalled- LookAndFeels does not load each class. Rather, it provides access to the names of each look-and-feel, so a choice of look-and-feel can be made (presumably one time at program startup). This reduces the overhead of loading additional classes that the program will not use. Utility method changeTheLookAndFeel (lines 80 93) is called by the event handler (defined in private inner class ItemHandler at lines 105 121) for the JRadioButtons at the bottom of the user interface. The event handler passes an integer representing the element in array looks that should be used to change the look-and-feel. Lines 84 85 use static method setLookAndFeel of class UIManager to change the look-and-feel. Method getClassName of class UIManager.LookAnd- FeelInfo determines the name of the look-and-feel class that corresponds to the UIManager.LookAndFeelInfo. If the look-and-feel class is not already loaded, it will be loaded as part of the call to setLookAndFeel. Line 86 uses static method updateComponentTreeUI of class SwingUtilities (package javax.swing) to change the look-and-feel of every component attached to its argument (this instance of class LookAndFeelDemo) to the new look-and-feel. The preceding two statements appear in a special block of code called a try block. This code is part of the exception-handling mechanism discussed in detail in the next chapter. This code is required in case lines 84 85 attempt to change the look-and-feel to a look-and-feel that does not exist. Lines 90 92 complete the exception-handling mechanism with a catchhandler that simply processes this problem (if it occurs) by printing an error message at the command line. 13.11 Using JDesktopPaneand JInternalFrame Many of today s applications use a multiple document interface (MDI) [i.e., a main window (often called the parent window) containing other windows (often called child windows)] to manage several open documents that are being processed in parallel. For example, many e-mail programs allow you to have several e-mail windows open at the same time so you can compose and/or read multiple e-mail messages. Similarly, many word processors allow the user to open multiple documents in separate windows so the user can switch between the documents without having to close the current document to open another document. The program of Fig. 13.13 demonstrates Swing s JDesktopPane and JInternal- Frame classes, which provide support for creating multiple document interfaces. The child windows simply display an image of the cover of this book. Lines 20 27 define a JMenuBar, a JMenu and a JMenuItem, add the JMenuItem to the JMenu, add the JMenu to the JMenuBarand set the JMenuBar for the application window. When the user selects the JMenuItemnewFrame, the program creates and displays a new JInternalFrame.
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Chapter 13 Graphical User Interface Components: Part 2 761 95 // execute application 96 public static void main( String args[] ) 97 { 98 LookAndFeelDemo application = new LookAndFeelDemo(); 99 100 application.setDefaultCloseOperation( 101 JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE ); 102 } 103 104 // private inner class to handle radio button events 105 private class ItemHandler implements ItemListener { 106 107 // process user’s look-and-feel selection 108 public void itemStateChanged( ItemEvent event ) 109 { 110 for ( int count = 0; count < radio.length; count++ ) 111 112 if ( radio[ count ].isSelected() ) { 113 label.setText( "This is a " + 114 strings[ count ] + " look-and-feel" ); 115 comboBox.setSelectedIndex( count ); 116 117 changeTheLookAndFeel( count ); 118 } 119 } 120 121 } // end private inner class ItemHandler 122 123 } // end class LookAndFeelDemo Fig. 13.12 Fig. 13.12 Changing the look-and-feel of a Swing-based GUI (part 3 of 3). All the GUI components and event handling in this example have been covered before, so we concentrate on the mechanism for changing the look-and-feel in this example.
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